Cell Structure and Function

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Presentation transcript:

Cell Structure and Function Kandinsky (1866-1944)

Early Observations Santiago Ramon y Cajal (1852-19340

Early Discoveries Mid 1600s - Robert Hooke cells in cork Late 1600s - Antony van Leeuwenhoek, microorganisms

Early Discoveries 1820s - Robert Brown observed nucleus in plant cells

Microscopes Light microscopes Magnify to 1,000X LM 1,000 Figure 4.1B

Electron Microscope Greater magnification SEM 2,000  TEM 2,800  Figure 4.1C Figure 4.1D

Cell Size Cells vary Surface area - limits 10 m Human height 1 m Length of some nerve and muscle cells Chicken egg Frog egg Unaided eye Light microscope Electron microscope 10 m 1 m 100 mm (10 cm) 10 mm (1 cm) 1 mm 100 m 10 m 1 m 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Proteins Small molecules Lipids Viruses Ribosome Nucleus Mycoplasmas (smallest bacteria) Most plant and animal cells Most bacteria Mitochondrion Cells vary Surface area - limits

Cell Size Ratio of surface area to volume 10 m 30 m Surface area of one large cube  5,400 m2 Total surface area of 27 small cubes  16,200 m2 Figure 4.2B

Cell Theory 1) Every organism is composed of cells 2) Cell is smallest unit of life 3) Continuity of life from cells growth + division

Structure of Cells Two types Prokaryotic - bacteria No nucleus DNA? Prokar yotic flagella Ribosomes Capsule Cell wall Plasma membrane Nucleoid region (DNA) Pili

Structure of Cells Eukaryotic – plants, animals, fungi DNA?

Structure of Cells Prokaryotic cell Nucleoid region Nucleus Eukar yotic cell Organelles Colorized TEM 15,000 

Eukaryotic Cells Nucleus and organelles Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Rough endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes Golgi apparatus Plasma membrane Mitochondrion Flagellum Not in most plant cells Lysosome Centriole Microtubule Cytoskeleton Intermediate filament Microfilament Peroxisome

Plant Cell Features Rough endoplasmic reticulum Nucleus Ribosomes Central vacuole Not in animal cells Chloroplast Cell wall Golgi apparatus Nucleus Microtubule Cytoskeleton Intermediate filament Microfilament Ribosomes Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Mitochondrion Peroxisome Plasma membrane Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Components of the Nucleus Chromatin Nucleolus Pore Ribosomes Rough endoplasmic reticulum Two membranes of nuclear envelope

Smooth ER Figure 4.7 Smooth ER Rough ER Nuclear envelope Ribosomes TEM 45,000 Figure 4.7

Rough ER Transport vesicle buds off 4 Ribosome Sugar chain 3 Secretory (glyco-) protein inside trans- port vesicle 4 Polypeptide Ribosome 1 Rough ER Glycoprotein 2

Golgi Apparatus Golgi apparatus “Receiving” side of Golgi apparatus TEM 130,000 Transport vesicle from the Golgi “Shipping” side of Golgi apparatus “Receiving” side of Golgi apparatus Transport vesicle from ER New vesicle forming

Vesicles Lysosomes

Vesicles Vacuoles Central vacuole Contractile vacuole Nucleus LM 650 Nucleus Contractile vacuoles Chloroplast Central vacuole Nucleus Colorized TEM 8,700

Mitochondria Mitochondrion Outer membrane Intermembrane space Matrix Inner membrane Cristae TEM 44,880

Chloroplasts Figure 4.14 Chloroplast Stroma Inner and outer membranes TEM 9,750 Chloroplast Stroma Intermembrane space Inner and outer membranes Granum Figure 4.14

Flagella and Cilia LM 600 Colorized SEM 4,100 Figure 4.17A Figure 4.17B

Flagella and Cilia Figure 4.17C Flagellum Electron micrographs of cross sections: Basal body Basal body (structurally identical to centriole) TEM 206,500 Plasma membrane Dynein arms Radial spoke Central microtubules Outer microtubule doublet Figure 4.17C

Cytoskeletal Elements Actin subunit Microfilament 7 nm Fibrous subunits 10 nm Intermediate filament Microtubule 25 nm Tubulin subunit

Microtubules Involved in plant/ animal interactions tubulin subunit Figure 4.21 Page 71

Microfilaments Muscle contraction actin subunit

Intermediate Filaments one polypeptide chain

Plant Cell Walls Primary cell wall = outer Secondary cell wall Rigid Cellulose and lignin Middle lamella joins cells together

Plant Cell Walls Secondary cell wall (3 layers) Primary cell wall

Plant Cell Walls

Animal Cell Junctions Tight junctions Adhering junctions Gap junctions Link cells of most body tissues Waterproof Adhering junctions Link cells prone to stretching Gap junctions Link cytoplasm - rapid signals

Animal Cell Junctions tight junctions gap junction adhering junction

Question of the Day What is the role of the smooth ER in increasing drug tolerance?

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