copyright cmassengale http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFuEo2ccTPA copyright cmassengale

Characteristics of Life All living things are made of cells copyright cmassengale

DISCOVERY OF THE CELL The discovery of the cell became possible with the development of the microscope

The Cell Theory All living things are made of one or more cells Cells are the basic units of structure and function in an organism Cells come only from the reproduction of existing cells

copyright cmassengale Cell Size and Types Cells, the basic units of organisms, can only be observed under microscope Three Basic types of cells include: Animal Cell Plant Cell Bacterial Cell copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Number of Cells Organisms may be: Unicellular – composed of one cell Multicellular- composed of many cells that may organize copyright cmassengale

Cell Diversity Size – Most cells cannot be seen with the naked eye. They range from 2 meters long to .2 micrometers Longest cell Neuron = 1.3m Largest cell= ova Smallest cell=sperm

Which Cell Type is Larger? _________ > _____________ > ___________ Plant cell Animal cell bacteria copyright cmassengale

Multicellular Organisms Cells in multicellular organisms often specialize (take on different shapes & functions) copyright cmassengale

Specialized Animal Cells Shape – The shape of a cell varies depending on the function of the cell Red blood cells Nerve cell Cheek cells Muscle cells

Specialized Plant cells Guard Cells Pollen Xylem cells copyright cmassengale

Two Main Types of Eukaryotic Cells Animal Cell Plant Cell copyright cmassengale

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Prokaryotes include bacteria & lack a nucleus or membrane-bound structures called organelles Eukaryotes include most other cells & have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (plants, fungi, & animals) copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Organelles Very small size Can only be observed under a microscope Have specific functions Found throughout cytoplasm copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Organelles copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Golgi Bodies Have a shipping side & a receiving side Receive & modify proteins (by using enzymes) made by ER. Proteins are used either inside or outside of the cell Transport vesicle copyright cmassengale

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copyright cmassengale Lysosome Contain digestive enzymes Break down food and worn out cell parts for cells Programmed for cell death (lyse & release enzymes to break down & recycle cell parts) copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Nucleolus Inside nucleus Makes ribosomes that make proteins copyright cmassengale

Smooth & Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth ER lacks ribosomes & makes proteins Used in the cell, manufactures lipids, gets rid of poisons Rough ER has ribosomes on its surface & makes proteins to EXPORT copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Cell Powerhouse Mitochondrion ( mitochondria ) Rod shape Site of energy production copyright cmassengale

In Animal Cells: Mitochondria Active cells like muscles have more mitochondria Burn sugars to produce energy ATP

copyright cmassengale Surrounding the Cell Cell membrane Lies immediately against the cell wall in plant cells Made of protein and phospholipids Selectively permeable copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Cell Wall Cell wall Nonliving layer Gives structure and shape to plant and bacterial cells copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Cytoplasm of a Cell Cytoplasm Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane Provides a medium for chemical reactions to take place copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale More on Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Contains organelles to carry out specific jobs Examples: chloroplast & mitochondrion copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Control Organelle Nucleus Controls the normal activities of the cell Contain the DNA Bounded by a nuclear membrane Contains chromosomes copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Plant Cell Organelles Chloroplast Contain the green pigment chlorophyll Traps sunlight to make to make sugars (food) Process called photosynthesis copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Plant Cell Cell wall Made of cellulose which forms very thin fibers Strong and rigid Found in plant cells copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Plant Cell Organelles Vacuole Have a large central vacuole Stores sugars, proteins, minerals, wastes, & pigments copyright cmassengale

Different kinds of plant cells Onion Epidermal Cells Root Hair Cell root hair Guard Cells copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Animal cell vacuole cytoplasm No cell wall or chloroplast Stores glycogen in the cytoplasm for food energy nucleus mitochondrion cell membrane glycogen granule copyright cmassengale

Different kinds of animal cells white blood cell red blood cell cheek cells sperm nerve cell muscle cell Amoeba Paramecium copyright cmassengale

Similarities between plant cells and animal cells Both have a cell membrane surrounding the cytoplasm Both have a nucleus Both contain mitochondria copyright cmassengale

Differences between plant cells and animal cells Relatively smaller in size Relatively larger in size Irregular shape Regular shape No cell wall Cell wall present copyright cmassengale

Differences between Plant Cells and Animal Cells Vacuole small or absent Large central vacuole Glycogen as food storage Starch as food storage Nucleus at the center Nucleus near cell wall copyright cmassengale

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

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copyright cmassengale REVIEW Organelle that digests waste/broken cell parts Like a highway transports proteins Like a post office-packages proteins getting them ready for transport Largest organelle in a plant – used to store things Responsible for making ribosomes copyright cmassengale

Levels of organization Cells are grouped together and work as a whole to perform special functions copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Tissue A group of similar cells to perform a particular function Animals : epithelial tissue, muscular tissue Plants : vascular tissue, mesophyll copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Organ Different tissues group together to carry out specialized functions Heart : consists of muscles, nervous tissue and blood vessels Leaf : consists of epidermis, mesophyll and vascular tissue copyright cmassengale

The Structures of a Leaf (Plant Organ) Chloroplast Palisade Mesophyll Cell Spongy Mesophyll Cell Air Space Stoma copyright cmassengale

The Structures of a Heart (Animal Organ) copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale System Several organs and tissues work together to carry out a particular set of functions in a co-ordinated way Human : digestive, respiratory, excretory, circulatory and reproductive systems Plant : root and shoot systems copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Human Body Systems Examples of systems : Digestive System Respiratory System Circulatory System Nervous System Reproductive System copyright cmassengale

Examples of a Human Body System copyright cmassengale

Examples of a Human Body System copyright cmassengale

Examples of a Human Body System Circulatory System copyright cmassengale

Examples of a Human Body System Nervous System copyright cmassengale

Levels of Organization CELLS (muscle cells,nerve cells) TISSUES (muscle, epithelium) ORGANS (heart, lungs, stomach) SYSTEMS (circulatory system) ORGANISM (human) copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale It’s You! copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale The Liver Largest organ Weighs 3-3.5 lbs Size of a football Most important organ; used to produce and store biochemicals Used to detoxify the body, removes bacteria, stores vitamins The liver is located on the right side of your body beneath the ribs. Copyright © 2004 Microsoft Corporation, One Microsoft Way, Redmond, WA 98052-6399 USA. All rights reserved. copyright cmassengale

Diseases If the liver is exposed to toxins for to long it can become damaged and not do it’s job Cirrhosis – drinking alcohol Hepatitis C Increased salt intake can decrease the livers ability to break down toxins

Biomedical Engineering Can now grow artificial organs for people who need new livers http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M7eM3zOffI4 Engineers need to understand how the liver works in order to be able to create new organs or regenerate just a portion of the liver Only need ¼ of the original liver copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Bioengineering Lab As our bodies remove waste products and toxins to keep us healthy hydrogen peroxide is produced (h2O2). An enzyme in our liver breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen which is not harmful to us. When we ingest excess salt the liver cells break down the hydrogen peroxide less effectively. You will be investigating this process copyright cmassengale