History of Plant Tissue Culture Knop: Knop’s solution, inorganic salt nutrition

1902 Haberlandt (Austria): Cultivate isolated plant cells in vitro on an artificial medium Concept of “ Totipotency ” Plants can be separated into their component parts ( organs, tissues, or cells ), which can be manipulated in vitro and then grown back to complete plants. Father of Plant Tissue Culture 1922 Kotte (student of Haberlandt):   Improve medium : sugar, Organic N-compounds

Robbins (USA) : Root tip culture - Pisum , Zea , and Gossypium First success of culturing plant tissue in vitro 1923 Robbins & Maneval: Maintained maize roots for 20 weeks with the aid of subcultures 1926 Went: Discovery of auxin 1933 Kogl, Haagen-Smit & Erxleben : Isolation of IAA (indo-3-acetic acid)

Gautheret 1932 Gautheret : Root tip & root fragment culture Gautheret: Cambium culture ( woody plant )   It can be maintained several months IAA promotes root growth   1939 Gautheret: Carrot explants develop to undifferentiated mass (callus) and it   can be maintained by repeated subculture

White 1934 Indefinite culture of isolated roots 1932 Root tip culture - Triticum 1934 Indefinite culture of isolated roots Tomato - subculture / 7 days 1936 160 passages Importance of vitamin B complex in root culture ( use yeast extract ) 1939 Procambial tissue culture  callus ( Nicotiana ) from small leaf and shoot 1942 Tumor culture  callus without hormone   White

Steward ＊ Prove the concept of totipotency Steward: Carrot culture : Quantitative analysis of culture growth   Discovered embryogenesis in vitro 1955 Steward & Shantz (in Cornell):   Carrot root phloem in liquid medium  single cell suspension   1958 Whole plant ＊ Prove the concept of totipotency

Carrot plants from root cells (Stewart, 1964)

First virus-free plant through shoot tips culture ( Dahlia )   1952 Morel & Martin: First virus-free plant through shoot tips culture ( Dahlia ) 1960 Shoot tip culture of Cymbidium ＊ Propagation many plants from one plant

1954 Muir, Hildebrandt & Riker (in Wisconsin) :   Suspension culture by reciprocal shaker ( Nicotiana ) Single cell clone by nurse cell culture method

1955 Miller and Skoog   Discovery of kinetin (the first cytokinin) Tobacco culture ---> bud formation 1957 Skoog & Miller :   ＊ auxin / cytokinin balance   in root or shoot formation high kinetin ---> shoot high auxin ---> root

Auxin / Cytokinin balance

1956 Nickell (Chas, Pfizer & Co. N.Y.): Single cell suspension culture of Phaseolus vulgaris  ＊ Idea of producing plant alkaloids from tissue culture 1957 Tulecke : Pollen culture of Ginkgo biloba   1960 Bergmenn : Plating culture    Nicotiana tobacum & Phaseolus vulgaris     Single cell suspension culture   --> plating in 0.6% agar medium, thin layer in petri dish   --> cell divided to form colony

Enzymatic isolation and culture of protoplast Cocking : (UK) Enzymatic isolation and culture of protoplast   

Micropropagation 1962 Murashige & Skoog : Tobacco tissue culture   Mineral media: 1. Macro element 2. Micro element included Fe 3. Vitamin Micropropagation ＊ Development of MS medium  

Tobacco plants from single cells (Vasil & Hilderbrandt, 1965)

Guha & Maheshwari : (India) Anther culture ---> haploid plant   ( Datura )   ＊ One pollen grain ---> one plant Niizeki & Oono : (Japan) Haploid plant of rice ＊ Started for plant breeding

Nagata & Takebe : (Japan) Plant regeneration from tobacco protoplast   Nagata & Takebe : (Japan) Plant regeneration from tobacco protoplast    Carlson : Somatic hybrid plant from protoplst fusion    Nicotiana glauca + N. langsdorffii ( 2n = 24 ) ( 2n = 18 ) Somatic hybrid   (2n = 42 )  

Continue ………………… 1974: Zaenen (Ghent University, Belgium) Discovery of Ti plasmid in Agrobacterium tumefaciens 1970-80s: Nester (USA), van Montago (Ghent Univ., Belgium) Ti plasmid analysis 1983: van Montago, Ghent University, Belgium) First transgenic plant. 1985: Monsanto (USA) Leaf disk transformation method (Monsanto)