Brain Organization Psychology 2606

Introduction We touched a teeny bit on neurons and glial cells last time We touched a teeny bit on neurons and glial cells last time Let’s get into it in detail Let’s get into it in detail Neurons are the basic information processing unit of the nervous system Neurons are the basic information processing unit of the nervous system It may be the case that single neurons can control behaviour and store information It may be the case that single neurons can control behaviour and store information Other times (perhaps more commonly) networks of neurons do this Other times (perhaps more commonly) networks of neurons do this

Amazing neuron facts Impress your friends and be the life of the party with these ice breakers Impress your friends and be the life of the party with these ice breakers 1) You are born with almost all of your neurons 1) You are born with almost all of your neurons 2) Neurons change with experience 2) Neurons change with experience 3) If they do not make connections, they die! 3) If they do not make connections, they die! 4) We CAN grow new ones in the CNS 4) We CAN grow new ones in the CNS 5) Genetic blueprint can be ‘reopened’ 5) Genetic blueprint can be ‘reopened’

Some Cell anatomy and physiology Axons and dendrites increase the cell’s surface area greatly Axons and dendrites increase the cell’s surface area greatly Dendrites are even bigger due to dendritic spines Dendrites are even bigger due to dendritic spines Only one axon Only one axon Starts at the axon hillock Starts at the axon hillock Might be many branches of the axon, these are called teleodendria Might be many branches of the axon, these are called teleodendria

Cells have lots of parts Terminal button Terminal button Connects with next dendrite Connects with next dendrite Though there is a gap, the synapse Though there is a gap, the synapse Information basically travels down from the dendrite, through the axon, to the next dendrite and so on Information basically travels down from the dendrite, through the axon, to the next dendrite and so on

Different types of neurons Bipolar neuron, short dendrite, short axon Bipolar neuron, short dendrite, short axon Sensory neuron has more connections Sensory neuron has more connections Interneurons Interneurons Association (stellate cell) Association (stellate cell) Pyramidal Pyramidal Purkinje Purkinje Motor neuron Motor neuron Synapses to a muscle Synapses to a muscle

A little bit about synapses Recent discovery Recent discovery (though Sherrington figured it out earlier on) (though Sherrington figured it out earlier on) Chemical messages (neurotransmitters) Chemical messages (neurotransmitters) Feedback Feedback Excitation and inhibition Excitation and inhibition With many connections this is a relatively complex calculation, and there is a temporal window and a spatial one too!! With many connections this is a relatively complex calculation, and there is a temporal window and a spatial one too!!

Glial Cells

Glial cells keep your brain running on time… Well indeed, they serve a repair function Well indeed, they serve a repair function Say you get a deep cut, you may get paralysis Say you get a deep cut, you may get paralysis Old axon dies Old axon dies Microglia and Schwann cells go into the pathway and sort of clear the way for a new axon Microglia and Schwann cells go into the pathway and sort of clear the way for a new axon Neuron sprouts until it finds the path Neuron sprouts until it finds the path

Too bad this doesn’t happen in the CNS Glial cells sort of seal off any injury Glial cells sort of seal off any injury Actually secrete a chemical (NOGO) that stops growth! Actually secrete a chemical (NOGO) that stops growth! There has been some success with blocking NOGO, using tubes, using stem cells etc There has been some success with blocking NOGO, using tubes, using stem cells etc

Elements H C O N Ca Ca P K S Na Na Cl Cl

Cell anatomy

Genes, cells, Proteins and behaviour ‘Trying to determine how much of a behaviour is due to genetics and how much is due to the environment is like trying to determine how much the area of a field is caused by its length and how much by its width’ ‘Trying to determine how much of a behaviour is due to genetics and how much is due to the environment is like trying to determine how much the area of a field is caused by its length and how much by its width’ Donald Hebb Nature v. Nurture is a stupid argument Nature v. Nurture is a stupid argument

Key Terms Gene Gene Genotype Genotype Phenotype Phenotype Chromosome Chromosome Locus Locus Allele Allele Diploid Diploid Haploid Haploid Gamete Gamete Zygote Zygote Recessive Recessive Dominant Dominant Homozygous Homozygous Heterozygous Heterozygous

Note that it is not the case that the chromosomes just pair off, there is also recombination Note that it is not the case that the chromosomes just pair off, there is also recombination So, each sex cell is a little bit different So, each sex cell is a little bit different

This Recombination is the source of much genetic variation, and it occurs in all but the simplest organisms This Recombination is the source of much genetic variation, and it occurs in all but the simplest organisms Mutation is the ONLY source of new genetic material Mutation is the ONLY source of new genetic material Most mutations are bad, usually lethal Most mutations are bad, usually lethal Some are neutral Some are neutral Some (very few) confer an advantage Some (very few) confer an advantage

A little background You get half of your genes from your mother and half from your father You get half of your genes from your mother and half from your father Single genes can affect a characteristic Single genes can affect a characteristic Many genes can affect a characteristic Many genes can affect a characteristic It is always an interaction It is always an interaction

An Example Human Ocular cutaneous albinism Human Ocular cutaneous albinism I wonder where that example came from….. I wonder where that example came from….. Single gene for the production of melanin Single gene for the production of melanin A – normal A – normal a - bad a - bad Dominance / Recessive relationship Dominance / Recessive relationship AA, aA, Aa all lead to normal, aa leads to me AA, aA, Aa all lead to normal, aa leads to me

Leslie and Rick Leslie and Rick Aa and Aa Aa and Aa Or some variation Or some variation aA and Aa aA and Aa Aa and aA Aa and aA aA and aA aA and aA Phenotypically normal Phenotypically normal

1 in 4 chance of having a kid with aa 1 in 4 chance of having a kid with aa They did, on June 23, 1965 They did, on June 23, 1965 My genotype MUST be aa because there is no dominance My genotype MUST be aa because there is no dominance

Danny and Stephanie may be carriers, or they may not be, they are phenotypically normal Danny and Stephanie may be carriers, or they may not be, they are phenotypically normal Their kids could carry the allele, assuming they do Their kids could carry the allele, assuming they do They got the looks, but I got the brains……..

My kids MUST carry the allele, as they had an a from me, and, an A from Isabelle My kids MUST carry the allele, as they had an a from me, and, an A from Isabelle We know they got an A from Isabelle by looking at their phenotype We know they got an A from Isabelle by looking at their phenotype

Behavioural Effects I don’t spend much time in the sun I don’t spend much time in the sun I have very poor vision (20/200, melanin guides the growth of the visual system) I have very poor vision (20/200, melanin guides the growth of the visual system) No binocular vision No binocular vision Can’t drive a car Can’t drive a car Not very good at baseball Not very good at baseball Huge IQ……. Huge IQ…….

Another cool example Mutant hamsters Mutant hamsters Martin Ralph Martin Ralph Tau gene Tau gene TT normal 24 hr cycle TT normal 24 hr cycle tt 20 hr cycle tt 20 hr cycle Tt or tT gives 22 hr cycle Tt or tT gives 22 hr cycle

Teenage Mutant Ninja Hamsters Single Gene effect Single Gene effect Affects brain development Affects brain development SCN specifically SCN specifically May be cognitive effects May be cognitive effects

Learning Mutants in Drosophila The white rat of genetics The white rat of genetics Dunce Dunce Amnesia Amnesia Stuck Stuck Coitus interruptus Coitus interruptus Bang sensitive Bang sensitive Per Per This one is cool… This one is cool…

So, What Does it All Mean? What does ‘a gene for behaviour’ mean? What does ‘a gene for behaviour’ mean? Behavioural difference caused by genetic difference Behavioural difference caused by genetic difference Does not mean that a complex behavioural sequence is caused by a single gene Does not mean that a complex behavioural sequence is caused by a single gene Many other genes contribute to behaviour Many other genes contribute to behaviour Some difference must be caused by genetic differences Some difference must be caused by genetic differences Just because something has a genetic basis does not make in unchangeable!!!! Just because something has a genetic basis does not make in unchangeable!!!!

Remember, Genotype is NOT Phenotype Remember, Genotype is NOT Phenotype