Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Chapter 4 Properties of Steam and.

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Presentation transcript:

Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Chapter 4 Properties of Steam and Steam Generators

Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Formation of Steam at Constant Pressure P triple = bar, T triple =273.16°C

Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. P–V Diagram, T–s Diagram, h–s Diagram and P–s Diagram

Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd.

Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Steam Generation Enthalpy Change in Generation of Steam from 0°C at 0°C 0°C to Saturation Temperature Wet Steam: Wet steam contains partly water as suspended in it and partly steam

Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Dryness Fraction: Dryness fraction is deﬁned as the mass of dry steam per kg of wet steam. It is represented by x. Enthalpy Speciﬁc Volume Internal Energy Entropy of Water

Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Entropy of Steam

Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Throttling Calorimeter

Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd.

Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Separating and Throttling Calorimeter

Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd.

Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Mollier Diagram or h–S Chart

Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Steam Generators/Boilers “A combination of apparatus for producing, furnishing or recovering heat together with apparatus for transferring the heat so made available to water which would be heated and vaporized to steam form” (ASME). Basis for classification of boilers o Contents inside the tube o Firing system o Position of drum o Pressure o Nature of water circulation

Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Water Tube and Fire Tube Boilers

Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Requirements of a Good Boiler Low cost of installation, operation and maintenance Easy maintenance High efﬁciency Safety High transportability High steam production rate Good quality of steam Quick steam generation capacity Meeting ﬂuctuating demand of steam

Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Cochran Boiler

Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Babcock and Wilcox Boiler

Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Locomotive Boiler

Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Lancashire Boiler

Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd.

Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Boiler Mountings Safety valve Water level indicator Pressure gauge Fusible plug Steam stop valve Feed check valve Blow-off cock Man and mud hole

Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Safety Valves

Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Sprint Loaded Safety Valve Lever Safety Valve

Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. High Steam Low Water Safety Valve

Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Water Level Indicator

Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Pressure Gauge

Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Feed Check Valve

Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Steam Stop Valve

Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Blow-off Cock

Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Fusible Plug

Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Boiler Accessories Economiser Air preheater Super heater Steam trap Steam separator Injector

Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Economiser

Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Air Preheater

Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Superheater

Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Injector

Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Steam Separator

Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Pressure Reducing Valve

Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Performance of Boilers Evaporation Rate: It is steam generation rate of boilers which may be expressed in terms of kg of steam per unit heating surface area or kg of steam per cubic metre of furnace volume or kg of steam per kg fuel burnt. Equivalent Evaporation: It is equivalent of evaporation of 1 kg of water at 100°C to dry and saturated steam at 100°C, standard atmospheric pressure of bar. Hence, the equivalent evaporation of 1 kg of water at 100°C needs 2,257 kJ. Factor of Evaporation: It is ratio of heat absorbed by 1 kg of feed water under working conditions to latent heat of steam at atmospheric pressure.

Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Boiler Efficiency: It is ratio of heat absorbed by water in boiler to heat supplied to boiler per unit time.

Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Thank You.