CHAPTER 11 - WATER

Goals for Chapter 11… Describe where Earth’s water resources are located. How is Earth’s water a limited resource? How can we manage our water resources better? What are the main causes and impacts of water pollution?

Next time you take a drink, think about where that water might have been before.

Next time rain drops fall on you, think about where that water might have been just a few days ago.

Water is critical to life…how long can you survive without it?

It is a precious resource we often take for granted

It is sacred to some : The Maya believed natural wells, such as the on pictured here, in Mexico's Yucatán, led to the underworld.

Section 1: Water Resources GOALS: Describe the location of water on Earth’s surface. How does the water cycle “work?” Explain why freshwater is a limited resource. TERMS: surface water, river system, watershed, groundwater, aquifer, porosity, permeability, recharge zone, water cycle

Water Cycle The continual process by which water moves through living and nonliving parts of our world. Solar Powered Renewable Resource “Steps” followed

Where is water found? 71% of earth is covered in water 97% of that is in oceans Most of the remaining 3% fresh, mainly in ice caps and glaciers

Why water is a limited resource

Surface Water Fresh water on Earth’s land Rivers Lakes Streams Ponds Critical for: drinking, transportation, waste removal, industry, food, farming, recreation Delaware River Where does all that water come from???

Watershed: an area of land that is drained by a single river How can a farmer in NY State Impact drinking water in NJ? Who should set pollution laws at LOCAL, SATE, or FEDERAL levels?

RIVER SYSTEM – flowing network of water Mississippi River Watershed is the largest in U.S. How does a cattle farmer in Montana potentially impact a shrimp fisherman in Louisiana? RIVER SYSTEM – flowing network of water

Continental Divide World’s River Systems and Watersheds

Groundwater

Groundwater Water beneath Earth’s surface, located in rocks, sediment and soil Wanaque’s tap water How does it get there? How can we use it?

Aquifer Underground rock formation containing water Important source of water

Aquifers

Porosity How much space (pores) or holes found in rock Porous rock can hold lots of water

Permeable vs. Impermeable The ability of rock or soil to allow water to flow through it Sand and gravel are permeable Clay and blacktop are impermeable

Groundwater What is a recharge zone? – where water percolates into an aquifer

WELLS A hole dug or drilled to reach groundwater purified can run dry if water pumped out faster than recharged

Section 1 REVIEW Describe the location of water on Earth’s surface. How does the water cycle “work?” Explain why freshwater is a limited resource. TERMS: surface water, river system, watershed, groundwater, aquifer, porosity, permeability, recharge zone, water cycle

Section 2 : Water Use and Management GOALS: Identify how water is used in home, industry and agriculture. Explain how and why water is treated before coming to your home. Describe ways to increase water supplies Identify ways to conserve water TERMS: potable, pathogen, dam, reservoir, desalinization

Aylito Binayo's feet know the mountain Aylito Binayo's feet know the mountain. Even at four in the morning she can run down the rocks to the river by starlight alone and climb the steep mountain back up to her village with 50 pounds of water on her back. She has made this journey three times a day for nearly all her 25 years. So has every other woman in her village of Foro, in the Konso district of southwestern Ethiopia. Binayo dropped out of school when she was eight years old, in part because she had to help her mother fetch water from the Toiro River. The water is dirty and unsafe to drink; every year that the ongoing drought continues, the once mighty river grows more exhausted. But it is the only water Foro has ever had.

According to the U.N., 1 billion people do not have access to clean, reliable fresh water

How Much Water Do You Use Average person in U.S. uses about 80 gallons a day

What can you learn from this chart?

How Much Water Is Needed http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/freshwater/embedded-water/

Making Water Safe Potable: safe to drink Most water needs to be treated Pathogens: organisms that cause diseases Bacteria, viruses, worms

Uses of Water Industrial Water Use 19% of worldwide water use Cooling power plants To make “stuff”

Uses of Water Agriculture: 67% of worldwide water use Irrigation: providing water to plants 80 gallons to produce 1 ear of corn 1 lb. beef = 1,000 gal. LOTS OF WATER Highly inefficient

Irrigation

Irrigation As much as 80% normally evaporates Drip Irrigation, reduces that number greatly

Water Management Humans have altered water flow for thousands of years Dams, canals, pipes, towers bring water to where it is needed

California aqueduct brings water hundreds of miles, across deserts, mountains

Dams and Reservoirs Reservoir: an artificial lake often behind a dam Flood control Recreation Supply water Generate electricity

Pros and Cons of Dams Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and Large losses of water through evaporation Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and displaces people Downstream flooding is reduced Downstream cropland and estuaries are deprived of nutrient-rich silt Reservoir is useful for recreation and fishing Can produce cheap electricity (hydropower) Migration and spawning of some fish are disrupted Provides water for year-round irrigation of cropland

Water Conservation Fastest, easiest way to increase water supplies is to use less water Agriculture – drip irrigation Industry - recycling At home – change habits What are some ways you can conserve water?

Desalinization Removing salt from salt water Has a lot of promise Very energy intensive Very expensive What to do with waste? Future?

Transport water from other regions Greece – large plastic bags filled with water bring fresh water to port Alaska has almost ½ of the water in the US – source for water in CA?

Section 2 Review Identify how water is used in home, industry and agriculture. Explain how and why water is treated before coming to your home. Describe ways to increase water supplies Identify ways to conserve water TERMS: potable, pathogen, dam, reservoir, desalinization

Does our water have dinosaur urine in it?

Section 3: Water Pollution GOALS: Compare point-sources and non-point sources of water pollution Describe the 5 classifications of water pollution Explain why it is difficult to clean up groundwater What does the Clean Water Act do? TERMS: water pollution, point-source, non-point source, wastewater, biomagnification, thermal pollution, artificial eutrophication

Freshwater animals are vanishing faster than those on land or at sea. WHY?

What is Water Pollution? Water Pollution: the introduction of chemical, physical, or biological substances that affects organisms that depend upon it Many types of water pollution

Point-Source Pollution Pollution coming from one single place Leaking tanker Pipe from a factory Leaking underground storage tank Easily to ID and trace

Point Sources are usually easily identified

Nonpoint-Source Pollution Comes from various sources that are hard to identify and may be spread over a large area Runoff from farms Runoff from cities Hard to ID Hard t o control HUGE PROBLEM

How can a farmer in MT affect a shrimp farmer in Louisiana? NON-Point

Point vs Non-Point NONPOINT SOURCES Rural homes Cropland Urban streets Suburban development Wastewater treatment plant Rural homes Cropland Factory Animal feedlot POINT SOURCES

Types of Water Pollution 1) Wastewater Water that flows down the drain What’s in it? Where does it go? (out-of-sight, out-of-mind) Is it harmful? Can it be used?

Wastewater Treatment

2) Eutrophication Too many nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorous) in the water causes algal blooms and decreased oxygen in water Causes “dead zones” in water Little or no oxygen

Eutrophication

3) Thermal Pollution Occurs when temperature of water rises rapidly Power plants Factories cooling equipment Causes fish kills Decreases oxygen in water

4) Groundwater Pollution Pollution that percolates down from land or surface water pollution Fertilizers Pesticides Many leaking underground tanks

What would make groundwater pollution hard to clean up?

5) Ocean Pollution Pollutants directly or indirectly put into oceans Oil spills Runoff River pollution Cruise Ships Development along coasts Increasingly a problem

Biomagnification Buildup of pollutants at higher levels of the food chain Damages an ecosystem

Cleaning Up Water Pollution 1969 Cuyahoga River in Cleveland caught fire 1972 Congress passes Clean Water Act 1970s Environmental Activism/Awareness

Cleaning Up Water Pollution Clean Water Act of 1972 was to “restore and maintain the physical, chemical and biological integrity of the nation’s water.” Fishable and Swimable Better, but… still many polluted water bodies

How Does Nature Purify Water? Wetlands Aquifer

Section 3 Review GOALS: Compare point-sources and non-point sources of water pollution Describe the 5 classifications of water pollution Explain why it is difficult to clean up groundwater What does the Clean Water Act do? TERMS: water pollution, point-source, non-point source, wastewater, biomagnification, eutrophication, thermal pollution

Chapter 11 Review Describe where Earth’s water resources are located. How is Earth’s water a limited resource? How can we manage our water resources better? What are the main causes and impacts of water pollution?

What does the future hold for water on planet Earth? Climate Change? Melting Glaciers? Human Population rising? Water Scarcity?