School of International Relations Four Worlds of History Attention all recipients of this file: First, thank you for opening this powerpoint and considering using it!  Whether the file was sent to you directly from Teresa, relayed by a colleague, or is among those offered on our site, CALIS and USC rely on your professionalism for proper credits and sourcing: Materials developed by or through CALIS are made available online via a database that serves as a digital file cabinet of teaching resources. The Activities Database is a free and unrestricted collection. When teachers or other CALIS partners write, adapt, or collaborate on materials—they are cited. The source information includes their affiliated schools or organizations. As others download and further adapt these materials—all credit and source lines, for teachers as well of for CALIS–USC, should remain in tact as published. This file is offered as an initial introduction for teachers to the Four Worlds analytical model. Slides that refer directly to items on the Activities Database have the item referenced. The file is not intended to be used with students as one barrage of 4W charts. This ppt is another resource for planning and training with partner teachers. Please retain source credit to USC CALIS for any adaptation of this model and use of social science factors. Teresa Hudock, Director, CALIS calis@usc.edu / dornsife.usc.edu/calis Four Worlds-Intro: October 21, 2013 Edition #2: Aug 1, 2014 Slide Count: 48 School of International Relations 1

School of International Relations Four Worlds Analytical Tools  Critical Thinking CALIS is an outreach project of the School of International Relations

Social Science Factors Table of Contents 4 – Social Science Factors 6 – Common Core Basics 12 – Four Worlds of… Slavery 16 – … Cause & Effect 17 – … Problem-Solving 18 – The Math Analogy Four Worlds is an analytical framework -- a multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary analytical framework: Political Science, Economics, Sociology, Anthropology, Geography, Science & Technology, Psychology, Philosophy 26 – Got Stability? 40 – Factoring in Math & Social Science 42 – Got Power? 45 – Textbooks, Uncovering Cause & Effect

Social Science Factors Four Worlds of History Social Science Factors Political Economic Social Cultural Each world is complex! But the relationship between factors across worlds is the amazing complexity of the human condition. Each world has its own field of study, but they all overlap as an interdisciplinary field of social science: political science, economics, sociology, anthropology, psychology, philosophy, etc. + geography, science, engineering, etc. Geography / Technology / Character basic factors of the human condition 4

Social Science Factors Four Worlds of History Social Science Factors Identifying factors, relating factors, and determining the “most important" factors is the science of the social sciences . the science social sciences

5 Principles in Developing the Common Core 1 College-and-Career Readiness (CCR) 2 Based on the Best Existing Standards 3 Based on Solid Evidence 4 Clear focus 5 Local flexibility / teacher judgment Instructional Shifts 1 PK-5, Balancing Informational Texts and Literature 2 6-12, Building Knowledge in the Disciplines 3 Staircase of Complexity 4 Text-Based Answers 5 Writing from Sources 6 Academic Vocabulary David Coleman http://www.teachingthecore.com/tag/david-coleman/

Critical Thinking Skills = Common Core State Standards…CCSS Bottom Line Common Core Standards Critical Thinking Skills =

Critical Thinking Skills = Common Core State Standards…CCSS Bottom Line Common Core Standards Critical Thinking Skills = Argument, Reasoning, Logic Evidence

Critical Thinking Skills = Common Core State Standards…CCSS Bottom Line Common Core Standards Critical Thinking Skills = Argument, Reasoning, Logic Evidence With apologies to the original CCSS: California Council for the Social Studies

purposeful meaningful relevant Four Worlds of History Social Science Factors The absolute PRIORITY of the 4W model purposeful meaningful relevant critical elements of being student-centered 10

student-driven analysis independent critical thinking Four Worlds of History Social Science Factors The absolute PURPOSE of the 4W model student-driven analysis toward independent critical thinking critical elements of being student-centered 11

Which factors make slavery a part of all Four Worlds? Political World Economic World Activities Database 0.0 - Four Worlds of History: Social Science Factors reference sheet 1 slavery Social World Cultural World This series of slides on slavery is the simplest illustration to date of how multiple factors are in-play at the same time -- and how to use the complexity of factors in Four Worlds to do a more in-depth analysis of cause & effect and problem-solving 12 12

Which factors make slavery a part of all Four Worlds? Political World Economic World rights labor slavery Social World Cultural World x class custom 13

Which factors make slavery a part of all Four Worlds? Political World Economic World rights labor legal system cost of production slavery Social World Cultural World hierarchy segregation x beliefs identity class custom equity status shared values privilege 14

Which factors make slavery a part of all Four Worlds? factors Factors are simultaneous yet distinct. Political World Economic World rights labor legal system cost of production A “Four Worlds” analysis of human factors enables teachers & students to easily illustrate detail & complexity. slavery Social World Cultural World hierarchy segregation identity x beliefs class custom equity status shared values privilege 15

cause and effect slavery Studying each context, is any one factor or world the primary cause of slavery? The root cause of slavery? Political World Economic World legal system labor system rights cost of production cause and effect slavery Social World Cultural World If the goal is critical thinking, then students must “make a claim and defend it”  reasoning skills: clear logic and strong evidence Different societies across time and space have had different forms of slavery.  The question may be specific to a particular society or be based on comparative cases… class system belief system segregation custom hierarchy identity equity privilege status shared values What are secondary or contributing causes? 16

Not everyone’s beliefs change Given the many factors involved, what is the best approach to abolishing slavery? Political World Economic World cost of production rights labor change legal system the status quo division of labor problem-solving change slavery Social World Cultural World protest Not everyone’s beliefs change hierarchy segregation The dominant belief that slavery is acceptable  eventually replaced by a new dominant belief that slavery is unacceptable Note that within any society, not all beliefs are universal or monolithic. identity beliefs class shared values custom equity status challenge Abolitionist ideas & values privilege the status quo start here 17

The Math Analogy Factoring In math, how do factors work? Factors are multiplied to make a product…. math.com – “Factoring is like taking a number apart. It means to express a number as the product of its factors.”

How fast can you generate a list of factors? Factoring The Math Analogy How fast can you generate a list of factors? In math, how do factors work? Factors are multiplied to make a product…. math.com – “Factoring is like taking a number apart. It means to express a number as the product of its factors.”

How fast can you generate a list of factors? Factoring The Math Analogy How fast can you generate a list of factors? Factors of 72: In math, how do factors work? Factors are multiplied to make a product…. math.com – “Factoring is like taking a number apart. It means to express a number as the product of its factors.”

How fast can you generate a list of factors? Factoring The Math Analogy How fast can you generate a list of factors? Factors of 72: 1 2 3 4 6 8 72 36 24 18 12 9 In math, how do factors work? Factors are multiplied to make a product…. Factors, when combined together, produce a certain outcome.

The Math Analogy Factoring Factors of 72: 1 72 2 36 3 24 4 18 6 12 8 9 How fast can you generate a list of factors? Factors of 72: 1 2 3 4 6 8 72 36 24 18 12 9 “Factoring is like taking a number apart. In math, how do factors work? Factors are multiplied to make a product…. Factors, when combined together, produce a certain outcome. It means to express a number as the product of its factors.” math.com

Greatest Common Factor Factoring The Math Analogy Greatest Common Factor 72 96 1 72 2 36 3 24 4 18 6 12 8 9

Greatest Common Factor Factoring The Math Analogy Greatest Common Factor 72 96 1 72 2 36 3 24 4 18 6 12 8 9 1 96 2 48 3 32 4 24 6 16 8 12

Greatest Common Factor Factoring The Math Analogy Greatest Common Factor 72 96 1 2 3 4 6 8 72 36 24 18 12 9 1 96 2 48 3 32 4 24 6 16 8 12 1 2 3 4 6 8 24 24 is the GCF 24 12 12

Social Science Factors How fast can you generate a list of factors? Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World Yes, I’ve already picked the concept  26

Social Science Factors How fast can you generate a list of factors? Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World stability What factors can produce stability? 27

Social Science Factors Factors that produce stability Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World leadership resources stability Each world contributes to stability… accountability shared values 28

Social Science Factors Factors that produce stability Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World leadership resources order production security prosperity stability And once you’ve generated a wide variety of factors… what’s the next question? accountability shared values equity identity common good meaning 29

Which factors are MOST IMPORTANT to stability? Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World leadership resources order production security prosperity stability accountability shared values Think-Pair-Share: Think for a moment about two factors that strike you as VERY important. Pair up with someone to explain why these two factors are important. Share with the group an interesting reason for one factor that your partner said. equity identity common good meaning 30

Is any one world MORE IMPORTANT to stability? Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World leadership resources order production security prosperity stability accountability shared values And it gets better… For a particular war, can you make a case? What are your examples? What is your logic & evidence? equity identity common good meaning 31

And when it comes to stability… If If the transfer of power is not clear, then what are the possible outcomes? then

If the transfer of power is not clear, Got stability? If If the transfer of power is not clear, then what are the likely outcomes? then Cause & Effect Reasoning Speculation & Predictions Theory Building Hypothesis Testing What is your logic & evidence?

What is your logic & evidence? Got stability? If If the transfer of power is not clear, then what are the possible outcomes? then  power struggle  coup  assassination  civil war  vulnerability to attack - possibly to complete takeover, conquest  decline and suffering - possibly complete collapse What is your logic & evidence?

What factors can complicate the transfer of power? Got stability? If the transfer of power is not clear, If then what are the possible outcomes? then What factors can complicate the transfer of power? Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World

What factors can complicate the transfer of power? Got stability? If the transfer of power is not clear, If then what are the possible outcomes? then What factors can complicate the transfer of power? factors It’s not just factors that are present. It might be factors that are missing or “too weak”. a lack of… Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World legitimate authority resource security When students are studying issues, they’re not just looking for what’s there. They’re looking for what’s not there too! equity common identity

The Math Analogy In Math… Factoring The Math Analogy In Math… Factoring is like taking a number apart. It means to express a number as the product of its factors. math.com

The Math Analogy In Math… In Social Science… Factoring The Math Analogy In Math… Factoring is like taking a number apart. It means to express a number as the product of its factors. math.com In Social Science… Factoring is like taking an issue apart. It means to express an event, situation, condition, society, etc. as the product of its factors. usc.edu/calis

The Math Analogy In Math… In Social Science… Factoring The Math Analogy In Math… Factoring is like taking a number apart. It means to express a number as the product of its factors. math.com In Social Science… Factoring is like taking an issue apart. It means to express an event, situation, condition, society, etc. as the product of its factors. A set in mathematics is a collection of well defined and distinct objects, considered as an object in its own right. …or the product of missing factors …or a likely product given a similar context …or influenced by this set of variables ...or the intersection of one or more sets. usc.edu/calis

But unlike math… In social science, some factors are concrete Factoring But unlike math… In social science, some factors are concrete …some factors are concepts …and factors are very different in different contexts A set in mathematics is a collection of well defined and distinct objects, considered as an object in its own right.

Some factors are basic to survival Handout Social Science Factors reference sheet 2 These concepts are “factors” of the human condition – that when combined in different ways – produce different types of societies throughout history and around the world today. Some factors are basic to survival while others help establish more order and greater stability. Some of these factors are needed for a thriving, more humane existence. Societies have strengths or weaknesses across these factors. Absence or loss of certain factors can lead to the decline of a society.

What are the different dimensions & varying implications of power? Got power? What are the different dimensions & varying implications of power? Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World power

What are the different dimensions & varying implications of power? Got power? What are the different dimensions & varying implications of power? Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World power of authority power of ingenuity power power of solidarity power of ideas

What are the different dimensions & varying implications of power? Got power? What are the different dimensions & varying implications of power? Political World Economic World Social World Cultural World power of authority power of ingenuity power of force power of resources power power of solidarity power of ideas power of privilege power of beliefs

What tools can enable students to uncover history & human dynamics? Cause & Effect 1. How does the table enable students to practice a skill? 2. How does the table support critical thinking? What tools can enable students to uncover history & human dynamics? 7th grade World History Medieval and Early Modern Times, McDougal-Littell, 2006

Causes & Effects of the Reformation Political Economic Social Cultural Some European leaders saw the pope as interfering in their political affairs through local churches. People disliked having to pay taxes to the Church in Rome. By becoming Protestant, European leaders limited the pope’s local political influence. People were more willing to support Protestant ideas that ended these taxes. ideas The printing press helped to spread ideas critical of the Church. printing press The four causes listed in the textbook are placed in the 4W chart along with the four effects…  What factors are in play? More people became aware of Protestant belief systems. belief systems Only clergy were allowed to interpret the Bible. Reformers translated the Bible so that people could interpret it for themselves.

Causes & Effects of the Reformation Political Economic Social Cultural Some European leaders saw the pope as interfering in their political affairs through local churches. People disliked having to pay taxes to the Church in Rome. taxes power authority incentive By becoming Protestant, European leaders limited the pope’s local political influence. technology news & media People were more willing to support Protestant ideas that ended these taxes. The printing press helped to spread ideas critical of the Church. printing press Identifying factors – Means that students are ---- talking about concepts, using academic language that crosses between each unit ---- trying to apply (justify or relate) a factor engages students in critical thinking access beliefs More people became aware of Protestant belief systems. Only clergy were allowed to interpret the Bible. status Reformers translated the Bible equity roles so that people could interpret it for themselves. advocates identity hierarchy

What factors fueled the Protestant Reformation? Political Economic Social Cultural power conflict Reopening of Silk Road Catholic Church had political power as an institution that owned --% of the land and imposed taxes European leaders who converted to Protestant faith did not have to follow “authority” of pope p 430 trade Growth of trading cities p 436 a corrupt church p 462 technology printing press p 449 cultural transmission news & media Church practices vs Catholic beliefs Access to books greatly increased the spread of ideas ▪ indulgences ▪ salvation through good deeds p 463 p 449  which fueled new ideas Luther challenges both practices & beliefs literacy & education and gains support from other challengers ▪ Luther: salvation only through faith in Christ – p 464 More authors / More readers ▪ Calvin: salvation only through predestination – p 472 equity & access new beliefs meaning / comfort / hope