Global Politics Institutions Regimes Transnational Networks

Global Politics-Global Governance Challenges traditional distinctions: inside/outside, territorial/non-territorial Highlights richness and complexity of “the political” and the interconnections between actors Both Formal and Informal orgs. –States –Intergovernmental Organizations, international agencies, supranational institutions (EU) –non-state actors: NGOs, MNCs –Transnational advocacy networks and social movements Not just political/security: other economic, social, ecological questions Pollution, human rights, drugs, terrorism

Why? Reflects: –Increasing global enmeshment –Rise of new organizations responding to: –Desire to deal with collective policy problems –Growing pressure of NGOs for new forms of accountability

Internationalization Agreements and political activity between states Increasingly focuses on ‘domestic’ or ‘welfare’ issues: jobs, ecologies, social security International Governmental Orgs (IGOs) –1909: 37 –1996: 260 Policy networks: department to department High level summits: G8, EU, IMF, APEC, MERCOSUR summits 4000 annual conferences sponsored by IGOs

International Regime “Implicit or explicit principles, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures around which actor expectations converge in a given issue area of international relations” (Krasner 1983) Regimes: –Provide framework of legal liability –Improve available information –Reduce transaction costs of cooperation –Inject predictability Very common: Range is wide: –Polar bear agreement, –Antarctica/outer space, –nuclear non-proliferation –Human rights, women’s rights, environmental issues

Impetus for the rise of global governance: Challenging Westphalia “Balance of Power” not sufficient to prevent extreme forms of violence against humanity Individuals and groups have become recognized as subjects of international law International law increasingly about economic, social, communication, environment; not just security and geopolitical matters International law emanates not just from consent of states, but from “will of the international community”  dense patchwork of regulatory mechanisms and regimes

Transnationalization Relations and activities cutting across national territorial boundaries –production: MNCs –Banks and finance –International NGOs: 1951: 832  1996: 5472 Greenpeace International Confederation of Trade Unions (ICTU) Religious congresses Social NGOs: Oxfam, Red Cross, Religious development orgs Scientific orgs and standards Action at a distance Zapatista Website

Transnational Networks Keck and Sikkink article What is a Transnational Network? Why and How have Transnational Advocacy Networks Emerged? The Boomerang Pattern Strategies –Information Politics –Symbolic Politics –Leverage Politics –Accountability Politics

UN System Precursor: League of Nations (Treaty of Versailles, 1919) “The name "United Nations", coined by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt, was first used in the "Declaration by United Nations" of 1 January 1942, during the Second World War, when representatives of 26 nations pledged their Governments to continue fighting together against the Axis Powers ” 1944: Dunbarton Oaks agreement: US, UK, USSR, China 1945: San Francisco: UN Charter, 50 members signed

UN System Growth since 1945: Non members with permanent observer status: Switzerland and Holy See (Vatican) nperm nperm IGOs with observer status Participation of NGOs key

UN: Four basic purposes to maintain international peace and security, to develop friendly relations among nations, to cooperate in solving international problems and in promoting respect for human rights, and to be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations.

UN Principles World community: sovereign states; limited role for individuals and groups Colonized people have rights to self-determination “Effective State Power” called into question: Force (military/economic) less legitimate International legal principles are adopted Rights of individuals stand above power of states Human rights, peace, social justice become priorities Systematic inequalities are recognized: “Common heritage of Mankind”: some resources are not the property of states

UN Innovations International deliberative forum in which developing countries have +/- equal status Formal framework for decolonization Governance of “international public goods” –Air traffic control, telecom, postal service, contagious diseases, relief for refugees, environmental commons Vision of collective decision-making, supranational champion of human rights

The Human Rights Regime “The defense of human dignity knows no boundaries” (Emilio Mignone, Argentina) Components: –International Bill of Human Rights UN Declaration of Human Rights 1948 Convention on civil and political rights (US ratifies with reservations: http Convention on economic, social and cultural rights Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (US not ratified) Convention on the Rights of the Child

Human Rights Regime Comparable formal orgs within regions –European Commissioner for Human Rights and OSCE –Inter-American Committee on Human Rights –Africa: Banjul Charter NGOs –Amnesty International –200 US NGOs –200 UK and Europe –100’s 1000’s in developing world Madres de Plaza de Mayo – ngles/index.htmindex.htmhttp:// ngles/index.htmindex.htm

New Ordering Principle: Cosmopolitan Law Basic standards of global law that no state should be able to cross Delimit and curtail sovereignty of state Legitimacy as a state requires upholding of certain democratic principles, including human rights and other values upheld by “global community” Minority rights, War Crimes, Environmental Issues

Cosmopolitan Law Minority rights: 1992 UN Declaration OSCE “Early warning” and “Early action” protocols Kurds Rwanda Rules of warfare/war crimes/Crimes against humanity Geneva Conventions (1864, 1929, 1949) and Hague Conventionsa : Treatment of prisoners and protection of civilians What counts as a war crime has changed: Rape International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia- Milosovic ICC?

Cosmopolitan Law Global Environmental Law –“Economic Zones” Continental shelf-200 miles from coast –“Common Heritage of Mankind” Convention on the Moon and other Celestial Bodies Convention on the Law of the Sea –Montreal Protocol on CFCs Kyoto Protocol? On track or stalled?

Case for Global Governance? Political control is no longer assumed to be located within boundaries of single nation-state alone Distinctions between domestic and foreign affairs is vaguer  “Boundary problem” –AIDS –Climate –Mad Cow Disease –Nuclear waste –Financial markets –Terrorism

Case for Global Governance? Sovereignty not completely subverted, just augumented; however it is no longer exclusive and indivisible “Overlapping communities of fate”