Smoking Patterns among Chinese Rural-Urban Migrant Workers 农村流动人群吸烟模式 Tingzhong Yang Center for Tobacco Control Research, Zhejiang University School of Medicine

Objective To estimate smoking prevalence and identify correlates of smoking initiation among rural- urban migrant workers. 流动期吸烟启动因素

Significance 1.Avaluete smoking trend in period of migrant 2. Tailed management measures in considering no smoking policy.

Theories and hypothesizes 1. Stress relief theory. 2. Yin-Yang theory

by rapid modernization and industrialization, there is massive rural-to-urban migration. The number is 160 million in 2010, which will represent approximately 25 % of the Chinese working population(National Bureau of Statistics of China,2011). 有大量流动人群 We hypothesize that this population may be highly susceptible to tobacco use for a number of reasons. Mainly related to adaptation to urban life and unstable living situations, may trigger smoking among the migrants[Niaura R,2002; Baluja KF,2003; Yang T,2007)and Yin-Yang problem. 假设流动致高吸 烟率

Methods A multi-stage cluster sampling procedure was to select our subjects[Chen X, Prev Med, 2004)Yang T, Social Behavior and Personality,2006). 多阶段抽样 In Stage 1, we selected three cities: Chengdu, Shanghai, and Beijing. 选三城市 In Stage 2, we obtained a composite sample by occupational cluster and worksite, which Three types of worksites and subsets were used,(1) factory site (2) construction sites 3) service sites. 按工作场所选抽样单位 In Stage 3, we selected as eligible participants rural-urban migrant workers who were aged 18 years or older.

Data collection Data were collected by trained interviewers through face-to-face interviews in the households of participants. 面对面访谈 Pre-migration smoking status was assessed retrospectively, which was tested to be valid. Nicotine Dependence: assessed using Mandarin Chinese Version of the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (CFTND) [Yang and Saul, Nicotine Tob Res,2011]. 尼古丁依赖

Results * A total of 4,198 migrant workers participated in our survey. *Overall smoking prevalence was higher subsequent to migration (28.4%) than prior (20.6%) (p<0.01). 流动前后吸烟率 *The total CFND score for all current daily smokers was 3.39( SD: 2.32). 尼古丁依赖分 值

Both post-migration prevalence of overall smoking and occasional smoking exceeded pre- migration figures (Table 1). 流动前后吸烟率 Smoking initiation during the migration period varied by sociodemographic and migrant characteristics of participants (Table 2). 吸烟启 动因素 The results of the MANOVA analyses of CFTND scores among daily smokers(Table 3). 依赖分析

Smoking initiation situations for smokers(Table4) 吸烟启动情境 migrant smoking prevalence table.doc

Discussion Our study shows that smoking prevalence increased among rural-urban migrant workers pursuant to their city migration. This due to solitude, stress, and higher income, the migrants are at excess risk of becoming smokers, whether daily or occasional(Niaura R, Addict Behav,2002; Baluja KF, Am J Public Health,2003; Yang T, Health Behavior Theory and Research,2007).

First migration, length of migration, and number of cities ever lived were associated with nicotine dependence. Smoking behavior among rural-urban migrant can be interpreted by stress relief and Yin- Yang theory. Smoking means Yin and Yang are out of balance(excess of Yin) among rural-urban migrant. 压力释放和阴阳理论

Policy application *Regulate relationship between Yin and Yang. Build community worknet to make them to social participant. Provide social support and emotional support, and service (Yang T, Community mental health journal,2011). Orginize social activities in work unit. 调整阴阳关系 *Tailed education and management measures target rural-urban migrants in

considering no smoking public place and work setting policy. (Often smoking rate in banning public place in Hangzhou 0.0%, 0.0%, 2.4%, 7.0%,and 2.6% in managers and clerks, professionals, Commerce and service, technical and operations workers, and retired). 无烟公共场所应该

考虑对这一部分人的教育和管理举措。 Thank You