Date Variations of Syllogisms

2 2 Enthymeme -an enthymeme is an abridged form of syllogism in which a premise or a conclusion is missing. -there are three types of enthymeme: first order, second order, and third order.  First order: The major premise is omitted  Jesse is not an honor student because she has a grade of NC.  Complete: –Whoever has a grade of NC is not an honor student.Mu - Pu –Jesse has a grade of NC.Su + Mp –Hence, she is not an honor student.Su - Pu

3 3 Enthymeme Second order: The minor premise is omitted. -Second order: The minor premise is omitted.  No one who has incomplete requirements will be entertained. That is why he will not be entertained.  Complete: –No one who has incomplete requirements will be entertained Mu - Pu –He has incomplete requirements. Su + Mp –Hence, he will not be entertained.Su - Pu

4 4 Enthymeme Third order: The conclusion is omitted. -Third order: The conclusion is omitted.  Contraceptive devices are abortifacients; and no conservative catholic uses abortifacients.  Complete: –Contraceptive devices are abortifacients.Pp + Mp –No conservative catholic uses abortifacients. Su - Mu –So, no conservative catholic are contraceptive devices.Su - Pu

5 5 Epichireme -an epichireme is a syllogism in which a proof or reason is attached to one or two of the premises. -there are types of epichireme: simple and complex  Simple epichireme—an epichireme which has a proof attached to one of its premises.  All economists are social scientists because they use scientific methods.  Some faculty members of FS are economists.  Thus, some faculty members of FS are social scientists

6 6 Epichireme Complex epichireme: a syllogism which has proofs attached to its two premises -Complex epichireme: a syllogism which has proofs attached to its two premises  Man’s soul is spiritual because he can think.  But a spiritual soul exists forever because a spiritual being cannot be dissolved.  Ergo, man’s soul exists forever.  Some endorsers of RH Bill are elected to a public office (they win the May 2010 election).  Every endorser of RH Bill is expected to lose (the Catholic strongly opposes their candidacy).  Thus, some of those who are expected to lose are elected to public office.

7 7 Epichireme -  Researchers on Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) must observe the precautionary principle (unknown aspects may cause unnecessary harm to the society).  Many Researchers on SCNT are pioneers in biomedical research.  Hence, some pioneers must observe the precautionary principle.

8 8 Sorites -an abbreviated form of polysyllogism which is composed of two or more premises linked through a specific arrangement of the predicates of subjects -there are two types of Sorites: Aristotelian and Goclenian  Aristotelian Sorites—a sorites whose premises in such a way that the predicate of the preceding premises is used as the subject of the following premise.  S is A  A is B  B is C  C is P  Thus, S is P

9 9 Sorites  Goclenian Sorites—a sorites whose premises is arranged in such a way that the subject of the preceding premise is the predicate of the following premise.  A is P  B is A  C is B  S is C  Thus, S is P To determine the validity of sorites, two things must be borne in mind: To determine the validity of sorites, two things must be borne in mind: 1. No premise may be negative except the premise containing the predicate of the conclusion. 2. No premise may be particular except the premise containing the subject of the conclusion.

10 Sorites To determine the validity of sorites, two things must be borne in mind: To determine the validity of sorites, two things must be borne in mind: 1. No premise may be negative except the premise containing the predicate of the conclusion. 2. No premise may be particular except the premise containing the subject of the conclusion.

11 Sorites Whoever follows the right path heeds the Way; whoever heeds the Way accepts the Yin and Yang; whoever accepts the Yin and Yang acknowledges weakness as strength; whoever acknowledges weakness as strength is not perturbed by the events of this world; whoever is not perturbed by the events of this world is a happy man. Hence, whoever follows the right path is a happy man.

12 Sorites If the enemies of the state will seize power, then the society will be in chaos. If the society will plunge into uncertain times, then enemies of the state will seize power. If corruption will not be effectively prevented, then the society will plunge into uncertain times. If a good man’s administration will be seen in a bad light, then corruption will not be effectively prevented. If opportunists will take advantage of him, then a good man’s administration will be seen in a bad light. If a good man gains power, then opportunists will take advantage of him. Hence, if a good man gains power, then the society will be in chaos.

13 Dilemma -The dilemma is an argument which presents alternatives forcing one to take either of them, but whichever he chooses would be to his disadvantage -there are four types of dilemma:  The simple constructive dilemma  The complex constructive dilemma  The simple destructive dilemma  The complex destructive dilemma

14 Constructive Dilemma -The simple constructive dilemma: If A, then C If B, then C But either A or B Ergo, C  If the El Nino phenomenon is being made as an excuse for importing rice, then the local agriculture industry will suffer. If the El Nino phenomenon is really happening across the country, then the local agriculture industry will suffer. Either the El Nino is being made as an excuse for importing rice or it is really happening across the country. Thus, the local agriculture industry will suffer.

15 Constructive Dilemma The Complex constructive dilemma: If A, then C If B, then D But either A or B Ergo, either C or D  If the RH Bill will not be enacted, then the poor will ultimately suffer (due to unmanaged population). If it will be enacted, then the poor will ultimately suffer (since the church will condemn them). The RH Bill will be either enacted or not enacted. Hence, the poor will ultimately suffer.

16 Destructive Dilemma The simple destructive dilemma: If A, then C and D But either not C or not D Ergo, not A  If we are the only living beings in the universe, then God created an “awful waste of space” and He is an example of profligacy. God neither created an “awful waste of space” nor is he an example of profligacy. Hence, we are not the only living beings in the universe.

17 Destructive Dilemma The complex destructive dilemma: If A, then C If B, then D But either not C or not D Ergo, either not A or not B  If a Chief Justice will not be appointed, there will be a vacuum of leadership in the Judiciary. If a new senate president will not be elected, there will be a vacuum of leadership in the Senate. There will not be a vacuum of leadership either in the Judiciary or in the Senate. Therefore, either a Chief Justice will be appointed or a new senate president will be elected.

18 Correctness of Dilemma To determine the correctness of the dilemma, one must remember two things: (a)the alternatives or the disjunction must be exhaustive; and (b)the antecedent and the consequent must have necessary connection. If (a) is not observed, the arguer can “escape between the horns” and if (b) is not observed, the arguer can “take the dilemma by the horns”.

19 Validity of Dilemmas 1. If Jesus lets Magdalene go, then he will violate the Jewish laws (for it is unlawful to commit adultery). If he lets Magdalene be stoned to death, then he does not practice what he preaches (for he will be accused of being without compassion and mercy). Jesus will let her either go or be stoned to death. Hence, either he violates the Jewish laws or he does not practice what he preaches.

20 Validity of Dilemmas If I am unjust, then men will love me (for I will not send them to prison); if I am just, then the gods will love me (for I have observed their laws). Either I am just or I am unjust. Thus, men or the gods will love me.