2 1. Introduction 2. Fact or Fiction? 3. A Healthy Time 4. Brain Development 5. Children with Special Needs 6. Closing Thoughts

Introduction 3 [Video: Middle Childhood Physical Development Introduction]

Fact or Fiction?FictionFact 1. The best way to get children to lose weight is to increase their physical activity. 2. Intellectual potential does not change over the life span. 3. The crucial factor in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder is neurological, a brain deficit that results in great difficulty in sustaining concentration. 4. The diagnosis of a child with special needs depends on the child’s social context. Physical Development 4

Number of deaths, per 1,000 individuals U.S. Annual Death Rates Age (years) Size and Shape middle childhood: The period between early childhood and adolescence, approximately ages 6 to 11. Compared to other ages, how hardy are children ages 6 to 11? 5

The Benefits and Hazards of Physical Activity During Middle Childhood Physical Activity Loss of self-esteem as a result of criticism from teammates or classmates Injuries Reinforcement of prejudices (especially against the other sex) Increased stress Better overall health Less obesity Appreciation of cooperation and fair play Improved problem-solving abilities Respect for teammates and opponents of many ethnicities and nationalities Benefits Hazards 6

Physical Activity 7 [Video: A Journey Through Middle Childhood]

Children’s Exposure to TV Commercials by Food Category, Selected Countries Number of commercials per 20 hours of children’s programming Breakfast cereals Sweets Fast-food restaurants AustraliaDenmarkFranceGermanyGreece United Kingdom United States Source: Lobstein & Dibb, 2005 Food Marketing Pressure obesity: In a child, having a BMI above the 95th percentile. overweight: In a child, having a BMI above the 85th percentile. BMI (body mass index): A person’s weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters. What kinds of TV commercials by food categories do children watch? 8

Childhood Obesity 9 [Video: Childhood Obesity: Experts on Overweight Children]

Advances in Brain Function reaction time: The time it takes to respond to a stimulus, either physically (with a reflexive movement such as an eye blink) or cognitively (with a thought). How does reaction time change from early to middle childhood? Ah... Yeah! 10

Advances in Brain Function 11 [Video: Brain Development Animation: The Process of Myelination]

Measuring the Mind What is a theoretical distribution of IQ scores? aptitude: The potential to master a specific skill or to learn a certain body of knowledge. IQ test: A test designed to measure intellectual aptitude, or ability to learn in school. Theoretical Distribution of IQ Scores Moderate to severe retardation Mild retardation Slow learnerSuperior Gifted Genius Average 0.14% 2.13% 13.6% 68.26% 13.6% 2.13% 0.14% 12

Measuring the Mind 13 [Video: A Journey Through Middle Childhood: Clip C]

Developmental Psychopathology Four Principles about Developmental Psychopathology Abnormality is normal Life may be better or worse in adulthood Diagnosis and treatment reflect the social context Disability changes year by year developmental psychopathology: The field that uses insights into typical development to understand and remediate developmental disorders, and vice versa. Developmental Psychopathology 14

Developmental Psychopathology What are some disorders that school-age children experience? dyslexia: Unusual difficulty with reading; thought to be the result of some neurological underdevelopment. ADHD (attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder): A condition in which a person not only has great difficulty concentrating for more than a few moments but also is inattentive, impulsive, and overactive. autistic spectrum disorder: Any of several disorders characterized by inadequate social skills, impaired communications, and unusual play. 15

Developmental Psychopathology 16 [Video: ADHD: An Overview]

Developmental Psychopathology 17 [Video: ADHD: Treatment]

Developmental Psychopathology 18 [Video: Autism: Observing Children with Autism]

Developmental Psychopathology 19 [Video: Autism: Treatment]

Developmental Psychopathology 20 [Video: Dyslexia: Expert and Child Discuss Treatment]

Proportion of children with Special Education Needs by Specific Designation* (percent of children) Learning disabilities Speech impairment Mentally retarded Developmental delay Autism spectrum disorder Emotionally disturbed Deafness and hearing loss Blindness and low vision Orthopedic handicap Other health problems*** (5.2) 22 (3.0) 7.6 (1.0) 5.4 (0.7) 4.5 (0.6) 6.7 (0.9) 1.2 (0.2) 0.4 (0.1) 1.0 (0.1) 9.7 (1.3) (5.9) 17 (2.3) 10.0 (1.3) — 0.7 ( (1.0) 1.2 (0.2) 0.4 (0.1) 1.2 (0.1) 3.2 (0.5) (1.8**) 35.2 (2.9) 28 (2.2) — — 7.7 (0.6) 2.4 (0.2) 1 (0.1) 2.4 (0.2) 2.8 (0.3) Educating Children with Special Needs *Based on evaluation by U.S. public school professionals. **Numbers in parentheses are percentages of all public school children. ***Limited strength, vitality, or alertness due to chronic health problems, such as asthma, sickle-cell anemia, and diabetes. Source: Snyder & Dillow (2010) What kinds of special education needs does the United States address? 21

How do bodies change during this middle childhood, and what problems can develop in how those bodies function? Closing Thoughts 22