1 © 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS Indirect Redox Reaction A battery functions by transferring electrons through an external wire from the reducing agent to the oxidizing agent.

2 © 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson Electrochemistry Alessandro Volta, , Italian scientist and inventor. Luigi Galvani, , Italian scientist and inventor.

3 © 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson Oxidation: Zn(s) ---> Zn 2+ (aq) + 2e- Reduction: Cu 2+ (aq) + 2e- ---> Cu(s) Cu 2+ (aq) + Zn(s) ---> Zn 2+ (aq) + Cu(s) Electrons are transferred from Zn to Cu 2+, but there is no useful electric current. CHEMICAL CHANGE ---> ELECTRIC CURRENT With time, Cu plates out onto Zn metal strip, and Zn strip “disappears.”

4 © 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson To obtain a useful current, we separate the oxidizing and reducing agents so that electron transfer occurs through an external wire.To obtain a useful current, we separate the oxidizing and reducing agents so that electron transfer occurs through an external wire. CHEMICAL CHANGE ---> ELECTRIC CURRENT This is accomplished in a GALVANIC or VOLTAIC cell. A group of such cells is called a battery.

5 © 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson Electrons travel through external wire. Salt bridge allows anions and cations to move between electrode compartments.Salt bridge allows anions and cations to move between electrode compartments. Electrons travel through external wire. Salt bridge allows anions and cations to move between electrode compartments.Salt bridge allows anions and cations to move between electrode compartments. Fe --> Fe e- Cu e- --> Cu <--AnionsCations--> OxidationAnodeNegativeOxidationAnodeNegativeReductionCathodePositiveReductionCathodePositive FeFe Fe

6 © 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson The Cu|Cu 2+ and Ag|Ag + Cell

7 © 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson Electrochemical Cell Electrons move from anode to cathode in the wire. Anions & cations move thru the salt bridge.

8 © 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson Terms Used for Voltaic Cells Figure 20.6

9 © 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson CELL POTENTIAL, E Electrons are “driven” from anode to cathode by an electromotive force or emf.Electrons are “driven” from anode to cathode by an electromotive force or emf. For Zn/Cu cell, this is indicated by a voltage of 1.10 V at 25 ˚C and when [Zn 2+ ] and [Cu 2+ ] = 1.0 M.For Zn/Cu cell, this is indicated by a voltage of 1.10 V at 25 ˚C and when [Zn 2+ ] and [Cu 2+ ] = 1.0 M. Standard reduction potentials are measured at standard conditions (1 M, 25 o C)Standard reduction potentials are measured at standard conditions (1 M, 25 o C) Zn and Zn 2+, anode Cu and Cu 2+, cathode 1.10 V 1.0 M

10 © 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson CELL POTENTIAL, E For Zn/Cu cell, potential is V at 25 ˚C and when [Zn 2+ ] and [Cu 2+ ] = 1.0 M.For Zn/Cu cell, potential is V at 25 ˚C and when [Zn 2+ ] and [Cu 2+ ] = 1.0 M. This is the STANDARD CELL POTENTIAL, E oThis is the STANDARD CELL POTENTIAL, E o —a quantitative measure of the tendency of reactants to proceed to products when all are in their standard states at 25 ˚C.—a quantitative measure of the tendency of reactants to proceed to products when all are in their standard states at 25 ˚C.

11 © 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson Calculating Cell Voltage Balanced half-reactions can be added together to get overall, balanced equation.Balanced half-reactions can be added together to get overall, balanced equation. Zn(s) ---> Zn 2+ (aq) + 2e- Cu 2+ (aq) + 2e- ---> Cu(s) Cu 2+ (aq) + Zn(s) ---> Zn 2+ (aq) + Cu(s) Zn(s) ---> Zn 2+ (aq) + 2e- Cu 2+ (aq) + 2e- ---> Cu(s) Cu 2+ (aq) + Zn(s) ---> Zn 2+ (aq) + Cu(s) If we know E o for each half-reaction, we could get E o for net reaction.

12 © 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson Zn/Zn 2+ half-cell hooked to a SHE. E o for the cell = V Zn/Zn 2+ half-cell hooked to a SHE. E o for the cell = V Negative electrode Supplier of electrons Acceptor of electrons Positive electrode 2 H + + 2e- --> H 2 ReductionCathode Zn --> Zn e- OxidationAnode

13 © 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson Reduction of H + by Zn Active Figure 20.13

14 © 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson Overall reaction is reduction of H + by Zn metal. Zn(s) + 2 H + (aq) --> Zn 2+ + H 2 (g) E o = V Therefore, E o for Zn ---> Zn 2+ (aq) + 2e- is V Zn is a better reducing agent than H 2.

15 © 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson Zn/Cu Electrochemical Cell Zn(s) ---> Zn 2+ (aq) + 2e-E o = V Cu 2+ (aq) + 2e- ---> Cu(s)E o = V Cu 2+ (aq) + Zn(s) ---> Zn 2+ (aq) + Cu(s) E o (calc’d) = V Cathode, positive, sink for electrons Anode, negative, source of electrons +

16 © 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson Uses of E o Values Organize half-reactions by relative ability to act as oxidizing agents Use this to predict direction of redox reactions and cell potentials.Use this to predict direction of redox reactions and cell potentials. Cu 2+ (aq) + 2e- ---> Cu(s)E o = V Zn 2+ (aq) + 2e- ---> Zn(s) E o = –0.76 V Note that when a reaction is reversed the sign of E˚ is reversed!

17 © 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson Cu(s) | Cu 2+ (aq) || H + (aq) | H 2 (g) Cu e- --> Cu Or Cu --> Cu e- H 2 --> 2 H e- or 2 H + + 2e- --> H 2 CathodePositiveAnodeNegative Electrons<

18 © 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson Cu(s) | Cu 2+ (aq) || H + (aq) | H 2 (g) Cu e- --> Cu H 2 --> 2 H e- CathodePositiveAnodeNegative Electrons< The sign of the electrode in Table 20.1 is the polarity when hooked to the H + /H 2 half-cell.

19 © 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson Cd --> Cd e- or Cd e- --> Cd Fe --> Fe e- or Fe e- --> Fe E o for a Voltaic Cell All ingredients are present. Which way does reaction proceed? Calculate E o for this cell.

20 © 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson E at Nonstandard Conditions The NERNST EQUATIONThe NERNST EQUATION E = potential under nonstandard conditionsE = potential under nonstandard conditions n = no. of electrons exchangedn = no. of electrons exchanged F = Faraday’s constantF = Faraday’s constant R = gas constantR = gas constant T = temp in KelvinsT = temp in Kelvins ln = “natural log”ln = “natural log” Q = reaction quotientQ = reaction quotient

21 © 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson Dry Cell Battery Anode (-) Zn ---> Zn e- Cathode (+) 2 NH e- ---> 2 NH 3 + H 2 Primary battery — uses redox reactions that cannot be restored by recharge.

22 © 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson Nearly same reactions as in common dry cell, but under basic conditions. Alkaline Battery Anode (-): Zn + 2 OH - ---> ZnO + H 2 O + 2e- Cathode (+): 2 MnO 2 + H 2 O + 2e- ---> Mn 2 O OH -

23 © 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson Lead Storage Battery Secondary batterySecondary battery Uses redox reactions that can be reversed.Uses redox reactions that can be reversed. Can be restored by rechargingCan be restored by recharging

24 © 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson Ni-Cad Battery Anode (-) Cd + 2 OH - ---> Cd(OH) 2 + 2e- Cathode (+) NiO(OH) + H 2 O + e- ---> Ni(OH) 2 + OH -

25 © 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson Fuel Cells: H 2 as a Fuel Fuel cell - reactants are supplied continuously from an external source.Fuel cell - reactants are supplied continuously from an external source. Cars can use electricity generated by H 2 /O 2 fuel cells.Cars can use electricity generated by H 2 /O 2 fuel cells. H 2 carried in tanks or generated from hydrocarbons.H 2 carried in tanks or generated from hydrocarbons.

26 © 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson Hydrogen—Air Fuel Cell Figure 20.12

27 © 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson H 2 as a Fuel Comparison of the volumes of substances required to store 4 kg of hydrogen relative to car size. (Energy, p. 290)

28 © 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson Storing H 2 as a Fuel One way to store H 2 is to adsorb the gas onto a metal or metal alloy. (Energy, p. 290)