Cell Energy Molecular Biology Sumner High School Molecular Biology Sumner High School

Big Question What is the relationship between life, matter and energy?

Characteristics of Life-Bio Responsiveness Growth & Development Reproduction Inheritance/adaptation Organization Movement Metabolism Material Exchange Responsiveness Growth & Development Reproduction Inheritance/adaptation Organization Movement Metabolism Material Exchange

Characteristics of Life Responsiveness Growth & Development Reproduction Organization Metabolism Similar Materials Responsiveness Growth & Development Reproduction Organization Metabolism Similar Materials

Our two first definitions Food: Molecules that contain energy that is useable to an organism. Where is the energy stored? Within strong covalent bonds. Energy: The capacity to do work. Examples: Energy stored in gasoline to make a car, food to power exercise... Food: Molecules that contain energy that is useable to an organism. Where is the energy stored? Within strong covalent bonds. Energy: The capacity to do work. Examples: Energy stored in gasoline to make a car, food to power exercise...

Two categories of energy Potential & Kinetic Potential Energy: stored energy and the energy of position Chemical, Nuclear, Gravitational, Stored mechanical Potential & Kinetic Potential Energy: stored energy and the energy of position Chemical, Nuclear, Gravitational, Stored mechanical

The other form... Kinetic Energy: the energy of motion Movement Electrical Radiant (electromagnetic waves) Thermal (do you know about the vibrations?) Sound Kinetic Energy: the energy of motion Movement Electrical Radiant (electromagnetic waves) Thermal (do you know about the vibrations?) Sound

Quick Check Which of the following is an example of potential energy? A) The sound of a teacher’s voice B) Warmth from a heater C) Sugar D) Radio signal from Woodbury’s clicker Answer: C Which of the following is an example of potential energy? A) The sound of a teacher’s voice B) Warmth from a heater C) Sugar D) Radio signal from Woodbury’s clicker Answer: C

What are the different forms of energy? Individual work first Into your notes: List all the forms of potential & kinetic energy in the image.

My list... Sun: heat & light energy Diver: Potential to kinetic energy Stored chemical energy Person on board: Potential energy (position & chemical) Ocean: Kinetic energy Sun: heat & light energy Diver: Potential to kinetic energy Stored chemical energy Person on board: Potential energy (position & chemical) Ocean: Kinetic energy

Next Question Do these forms of energy always stay in the same form? No, they can be transformed from one type to another. Energy transformation = changing one form of energy into other forms as a result of some event or process. Do these forms of energy always stay in the same form? No, they can be transformed from one type to another. Energy transformation = changing one form of energy into other forms as a result of some event or process.

Energy Transformations We don’t really “use” energy, we just alter the form or type. Especially in living systems We don’t really “use” energy, we just alter the form or type. Especially in living systems

A mental inquiry... Identify examples of energy being changed from one form to another. Into your notes: Name at least 5 energy transformations List the before & after forms of energy Examples from the class? Identify examples of energy being changed from one form to another. Into your notes: Name at least 5 energy transformations List the before & after forms of energy Examples from the class?

A mental inquiry... What are the energy transformations done by a cell phone? List the transformation and the start and end energy types. Foundation level: transformations done by the cell phone itself (general types of energy: potential & kinetic) Challenge level: include transformations that happen several steps before/after the cell phone (detailed types of energy) What are the energy transformations done by a cell phone? List the transformation and the start and end energy types. Foundation level: transformations done by the cell phone itself (general types of energy: potential & kinetic) Challenge level: include transformations that happen several steps before/after the cell phone (detailed types of energy)

The Cell Phone inquiry Foundation Level: Electricity stored in battery (kinetic to potential) Battery powers screen/light (potential to kinetic) Battery powers headphones (potential to kinetic) Battery powers radio waves (potential to kinetic) Any ideas for Challenge Level? Foundation Level: Electricity stored in battery (kinetic to potential) Battery powers screen/light (potential to kinetic) Battery powers headphones (potential to kinetic) Battery powers radio waves (potential to kinetic) Any ideas for Challenge Level?

Thermodynamics These are the laws of energy First Law: “...energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.” The first law is also known as the principle of conservation of energy. Example: Plants do not produce energy; they transform light energy to chemical energy. Key idea: there is a fixed amount of energy in the universe. These are the laws of energy First Law: “...energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.” The first law is also known as the principle of conservation of energy. Example: Plants do not produce energy; they transform light energy to chemical energy. Key idea: there is a fixed amount of energy in the universe.

Thermodynamics Second Law: every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy (randomness or “chaos”) of the universe. An unstoppable trend toward randomization of the universe. EEEEEEEEEKKK! Things are going from being organized to random. Key idea: No transformation is 100% efficient. Energy flows towards making more heat, which is the energy of random molecular motion. Second Law: every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy (randomness or “chaos”) of the universe. An unstoppable trend toward randomization of the universe. EEEEEEEEEKKK! Things are going from being organized to random. Key idea: No transformation is 100% efficient. Energy flows towards making more heat, which is the energy of random molecular motion.

Harnessing Energy 20% Muscle Contraction Muscle Contraction 60% Heat 40% Useable by cell 100% Total E in Glucose

Summarize... Plan to take 2-3 minutes to silently summarize all of the information so far into one big idea (20 word max?) I will quasi-randomly call on you to share so we can hear from a variety of people. Plan to take 2-3 minutes to silently summarize all of the information so far into one big idea (20 word max?) I will quasi-randomly call on you to share so we can hear from a variety of people.

Mine... Living systems transform energy between various forms by controlling the rearrangement of molecules. Living systems transform energy between various forms by controlling the rearrangement of molecules.

Vocab to know Food Energy Kinetic Energy Potential Energy Energy Transformation 1st Law of Thermodynamics 2nd Law of Thermodynamics Food Energy Kinetic Energy Potential Energy Energy Transformation 1st Law of Thermodynamics 2nd Law of Thermodynamics

What are the big ideas? Yours? List at least 3 major concepts we keep returning to in our learning so far. Some examples: Energy for living things is found in food (= stored chemical potential energy). Photosynthesis (inputs/outputs?) is how the energy for “all” food is captured. Respiration (inputs/outputs?) releases energy in food to a form useable by cells (ATP). Yours? List at least 3 major concepts we keep returning to in our learning so far. Some examples: Energy for living things is found in food (= stored chemical potential energy). Photosynthesis (inputs/outputs?) is how the energy for “all” food is captured. Respiration (inputs/outputs?) releases energy in food to a form useable by cells (ATP).

An application: Science Explorer DVD Respiration & Excretion An application: Science Explorer DVD Respiration & Excretion

But what about...? Doesn’t life increase the organization of material? CO ₂ to sugars (C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ ) One cell at fertilization to adult form? Life still complies with the Laws of Thermodynamics ★ Controlled conversion of forms of energy Harnesses the increase in randomness. Still produces heat Doesn’t life increase the organization of material? CO ₂ to sugars (C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ ) One cell at fertilization to adult form? Life still complies with the Laws of Thermodynamics ★ Controlled conversion of forms of energy Harnesses the increase in randomness. Still produces heat

Carbon Cycle: Small Scale Chloroplasts take carbon out of the air and make usable food with sunlight. Formula: Sunlight + 6CO ₂ + 6H ₂ O → C ₆ H ₁₂ 0 ₆ + 6O ₂ =Photosynthesis Chloroplasts take carbon out of the air and make usable food with sunlight. Formula: Sunlight + 6CO ₂ + 6H ₂ O → C ₆ H ₁₂ 0 ₆ + 6O ₂ =Photosynthesis

Carbon Cycle: Small Scale Mitochondria take food molecules and break them down to get useable energy C ₆ H ₁₂ 0 ₆ + 6O ₂ → 6CO ₂ + 6H ₂ O (+ATP) = Respiration Mitochondria take food molecules and break them down to get useable energy C ₆ H ₁₂ 0 ₆ + 6O ₂ → 6CO ₂ + 6H ₂ O (+ATP) = Respiration

Two important ideas. How does energy move in living systems? Energy flows through living systems From the sun to heat. How does matter move in living systems? Matter is recycled in living systems Cycles include: water, nitrogen, carbon How does energy move in living systems? Energy flows through living systems From the sun to heat. How does matter move in living systems? Matter is recycled in living systems Cycles include: water, nitrogen, carbon

Balance This Equation C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 → CO 2 + H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 +6O 2 → 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O This is the general equation for respiration: the process of using oxygen to break down food to get energy. Big molecules to small molecules, releasing energy C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 → CO 2 + H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 +6O 2 → 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O This is the general equation for respiration: the process of using oxygen to break down food to get energy. Big molecules to small molecules, releasing energy

How I’d take notes C 6 H 12 O 6 +6O 2 → 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O Respiration: Use O 2 to break down food to get energy. Big (m) to small (m), release E C 6 H 12 O 6 +6O 2 → 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O Respiration: Use O 2 to break down food to get energy. Big (m) to small (m), release E

Balance This Equation CO 2 + H 2 O → C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O → C 6 H 12 O 6 +6O 2 This is the general equation for photosynthesis: the process of using carbon dioxide and water to build food molecules using light energy. Small molecules to big molecules, storing/capturing energy from the sun. CO 2 + H 2 O → C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O → C 6 H 12 O 6 +6O 2 This is the general equation for photosynthesis: the process of using carbon dioxide and water to build food molecules using light energy. Small molecules to big molecules, storing/capturing energy from the sun.

How I’d take notes 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O → C 6 H 12 O 6 +6O 2 Photosynthesis: use CO 2 + H 2 O to build food (m) using light E. Small (m) to big (m), store E from sun. 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O → C 6 H 12 O 6 +6O 2 Photosynthesis: use CO 2 + H 2 O to build food (m) using light E. Small (m) to big (m), store E from sun.

Big idea: Eukaryotes (animals and plants) cannot release energy from food without using oxygen at some point.(STOP)

Science Explorer DVD: Respiration & Excretion Science Explorer DVD: Respiration & Excretion

A dam analogy

An energy system Producers Consumer s Decomposer s

A material system Producers Consumer s Decomposer s Atmosphere