Mr. Benagh ESSM – Summer FISH

ESSM – Summer FISH Biology Agenda’s Monday, Aug. 11 th 2014 Macromoluecles - Power Lecture 10-15” - Hydrolysis and Dehydration Synthesis - Digestive System (polymers to monomers) - Homework  Tuesday, Aug. 12 th 2014 Enzymes - Power Lecture 10-15” - Toothpickase Enzyme Lab - Homework  Wednesday, Aug. 13 th 2014 Nucleic Acid - Power Lecture 10-15” - Strawberries DNA Extractions - Homework  Thursday, Aug. 14 th 2014 Photosynthesis - Power Lecture 10-15” - Photosynthesis Leaf Hole Punch Lab - Homework 

The synthesis and breakdown of polymers

CARBOHYDRATES

Carbohydrate Types Hexose = 6 carbons Glucose –cell energy Fructose - honey Galactose – milk Pentose = 5 carbons Ribose - RNA Deoxyribose - DNA 1. SIMPLE SUGARS Monosaccharides - one sugar molecule

Linear and ring forms of glucose

Sucrose (sugar) Glucose + Fructose Lactose (milk) Glucose + Galactose Maltose (grains) Glucose + Glucose Carbohydrate Types 2. SIMPLE SUGARS Disaccharides - two sugar molecule

How are disaccharides made? Dehydration synthesis:

Examples of disaccharide synthesis

POLYSACCHARIDES: Long chains of monosaccharides EXAMPLES Starch (amylose) Glycogen Fiber (cellulose) Chitin Carbohydrate Types COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES

Starch Long-term energy storage of glucose for plants (roots, seeds) < 500,000 glucoses

Glycogen Short term storage polysaccharide for animals ~300g stored carbo in body 72g liver (glycogen) 245g muscle (glycogen) 10g blood (glucose)

Chitin String of modified glucose Structural component of: Insects, Arthropods, fungi

Cellulose Polymer of glucose Structural material in plants - Fiber Cellulose Starch Monomers linked together differently than in starch Why indigestible?

Starch verses Cellulose Glucose linked differently Cellulose is not recognized by our digestive enzymes Some organisms (microbes) in the guts of cows and termites do make enzymes that can digest cellulose

LIPIDS

Three Major Groups of Lipids Oils, Fats, and Waxes Phospholipids Steroids (Cholesterol, Estrogen, Testosterone, etc…)

Similarities of Fats and Oils All contain C, H, and O Usually no ring structures Made up of fatty acid subunits (long chain of carbons and hydrogen with a carboxyl end)

Triglycerides Fats and Oils have 3 fatty acids linked to a glycerol (condensation)

Unsaturated Polyunsaturated Saturated Types of Fatty acids

Phospholipids

Steroids Four fused rings of carbon steroid hormones: estrogen, testosterone cholesterol: vital component of cell membranes

Cholesterol Body will make if not enough in diet Part of lipid membrane around cells Helps stabilize, strengthen membrane

The structure of a phospholipid

Protein

Types of Proteins Structural Enzymes Hormones Antibodies Contractile Receptor Transport Storage See Table 5.1

Proteins Subunit = amino acid 1. Amino group 3. Carboxyl group2. R group Amino acids have three parts:

Figure 5.15 The 20 amino acids of proteins: nonpolar

Figure 5.15 The 20 amino acids of proteins: polar and electrically charged

Linking Amino Acids Dehydration synthesis: forms a covalent bond – A Peptide Bond Creates a polypeptide

Figure 5.16 Making a polypeptide chain

How are proteins able to do so many things? 20 different kinds amino acids - different R-groups Non-polar Polar Charged O -

Proteins Fold into Active Shape Protein function depends on shape Four Levels of Structure: Primary1° Secondary2° Tertiary3° Quaternary4°

Primary (1°) Structure Sequence of amino acids in polypeptide

Figure 5.18 The primary structure of a protein

Secondary (2°) Structure Folds in part of amino acid chain: Hydrogen bonds  - pleated sheet  -helix

Tertiary (3°) Structure 3D Packing of Polypeptides: More hydrogen bonds

Figure 5.22 Examples of interactions contributing to the tertiary structure of a protein

Interactions between 2+ polypeptides Quaternary (4°) Structure

Shape is critical for protein interactions EXAMPLE: Hemoglobin 4 Polypeptides Binds Iron Oxygen transport

Nucleic Acid

Nucleic acids include RNA and DNA Polymers made up of repeating monomers called nucleotides. NUCLEIC ACIDS

5-Carbon Sugar (Pentose): RNA ribose, DNA deoxyribose Phosphate Group Nitrogen-containing base NUCLEOTIDES 3 Main Components:

Nucleotides: Important Energy Storage Molecules Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP): acts like cell’s battery, providing energy for most activities.

RNA and DNA SIMILARITIES: 5-carbon sugar Phosphate group DIFFERENCES: Nucleotides – DNA: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine – RNA: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil Sugar – DNA: Deoxyribose – RNA: Ribose

Nucleic Acid Synthesis Nucleotides joined by dehydration synthesis Covalent bond forms between PHOSPHATE GROUP and SUGAR

Structure of DNA

Figure 5.29 The components of nucleic acids

Figure 5.30 The DNA double helix and its replication

Figure 5.28 DNA  RNA  protein: a diagrammatic overview of information flow in a cell

Enzymes

The structure and hydrolysis of ATP

The ATP cycle

Energy changes in exergonic and endergonic reactions

Enzymes and Shape Active Site Induced fit: “Handshake” between substrate and enzyme

Activation Energy Net Energy Released

Enzymes Proteins that speed up chemical reactions (catalysts) Lower activation energy for a reaction

S = Substrates (reactants) enter reaction. P = Product (what you get at the end) result E = Enzymes mediate specific steps sucrase sucrose + H 2 O glucose + fructose E + S ES E + P Enzyme reactions can be simplified as:

The catalytic cycle of an enzyme

4 Things that Affect Enzyme Activity 1.Substrate concentration 2.Enzyme concentration 3.pH 4.Temperature Shape of enzyme (Protein denatured)

Environmental factors affecting enzyme activity

Enzyme Regulation Enzymes can be turned on and off Regulated by other molecules in the cell Examples: – Allosteric regulation – Feedback inhibition – Inhibitors

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis happens in the Chloroplast Parts of a Chloroplast – Thylakoid – Grana Stack of Thylakoids – Stroma Liquid inside Chloroplast

The electromagnetic spectrum

Why are leaves green?

Determining an absorption spectrum