Chapter 31 sections 1 and 2 PowerPoint Communist China, South, and Southeast Asia

China: Civil War and Its Aftermath After WWII there were 2 governments in China Chiang Kai-Shek and the Nationalists in the Southern and Central regions of China Mao Zedong and the Communists in the North

Mao Zedong Chiang Kai Shek VS

Civil War Full scale civil war followed Promises of land attracted millions of peasants to the Communist side By 1949 the Communists had won the war Chiang Kai-Shek and two million followers fled to the island of Taiwan.

Communists Rule Two thirds of all peasant households received land Most private farmland was collectivized in order to increase farm production and free up labor for industrial jobs. Food production did not grow, but the population increased to 657 million people by 1957.

Great Leap Forward Great Leap Forward- an attempt to speed up economic growth began in 1958. 700,000 smaller farms were combined into 26,000 vast communes. Women and men worked together in the fields while child care was provided for their children.

Long live the great leap forward!

Did it work? This attempt failed due to poor weather conditions, as well as low morale. Food production decreased, and this led to a famine where nearly 15 million people died of starvation. By 1960 the government began returning to the old system of collective farming.

Cultural Revolution Mao believed permanent revolution was necessary to achieve the final stage of communism. 1966 he launched the “Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution” He published a work of his ideas called the Little Red Book. It was found in every public place, school, and factory throughout China

Cultural Revolution: Red Guards Red guards were formed by Mao to enforce his cultural revolution. These groups were made up of mostly young people. They set out to destroy the FOUR OLDS Old ideas, old culture, old customs, and old habits. They destroyed temples, foreign books, art work, and foreign music.

Burning books: Remind you of anyone?

China After Mao Mao died in 1976 at the age of 82 A group of practical-minded reformers led by Deng Xiaoping seized power and ended the cultural revolution

Policies of Deng Xiaoping He called for Four Modernizations- Industrial Policies Agricultural Policies Technological Policies National Defense Policies

What methods were used? First, China invited foreign investment into their country to generate new industries Second, thousands of Chinese students were sent abroad to study science, technology, and modern business Finally, a new agricultural policy began. Collective farms could lease land to peasants. Peasants could also sell surplus crops, and sell products that they made.

Successful? Modernization was a success Per capita income doubled during the 1980s. In the early 80’s, most Chinese could not afford a bike, or a watch By the 90’s most Chinese were buying refrigerators and color T.V.s

Movement for Democracy Many Chinese wanted another modernization- Democracy Many students who went abroad learned about Democracy and western ideas. When they complained to the Communist governments, they were usually jailed for long periods of time.

Tiananmen Square Many people from the cities of China witnessed corruption and preferential treatment for party members. In May of 1989, student protesters led protests calling for old Communist leaders to resign. Huge protests were held in Tiananmen Square in Bejing. Xiaoping sent troops to crush the protesters. Between 500 and 2,000 people were killed and many more injured. Why do you believe the numbers of those killed is not known?

Chinese Society Today Chinese society is more relaxed. People can wear more western clothing, and buy more consumer goods. One goal still exists from Mao’s era: Population control 1979, China began its one-child policy Incentives such as education benefits, child care, and housing were offered to those who limited their families to 1 child.

South and Southeast Asia Section 2 South and Southeast Asia

India Divided After British rule, India’s Muslims and Hindu’s were bitterly divided. Leaders decided to divide India into 2 countries: Pakistan for Muslims and India for Hindus

The New India Jawaharlal Nehru led the Congress Party and was the new President of India He implemented many ideas, many based on Britain’s labor party. The state owned major industries, utilities, and transportation Private enterprise at the local level was allowed, along with private farms.

Nonalignment The principle of nonalignment was a foreign policy where India did not allign itself with either super power during the cold war. After Nehru’s death, his daughter Indira Ghandi took over

Problems Indira Ghandi, ruled from 1966-1984 India’s population grew by 2 percent each year! This is a huge growth. This led to wide spread poverty. Millions of Indians lived in slums around cities. Mother Teresa, a Catholic nun, spent much time helping the poor, sick and dying

Caste System India’s social classes were still broken down into castes The caste into which someone was born determined their jobs and role in society. If you were born into the lowest caste, you would remain in poverty. Today, discrimination based one’s caste is illegal, yet it continues.

Ethnic conflict Sikhs- followers of both Muslim and Hindu ideas lived in the northern province of Punjab. They wanted independence but Indira refused. Today, there is still much tension between Muslims and Hindus within India, as well as between India and Pakistan.

Eventually she is assassinated by Sikhs. Her son, Rajiv took over, and began transferring many industries to private hands. This led to a large increase in the middle class

Pakistan Pakistan was originally split between east and west Pakistan. East Pakistan eventually becomes the independent nation of Bangladesh. Pakistan and Bangladesh have had difficulty sustaining stable governments Both nations are also very poor.

Philippines and Indonesia In the Philippines, 2 leaders have recently been removed from office. In 1986, Ferdinand Marcos was forced to flee the nation on charges of corruption Another leader, Joseph Estrada was forced out in 2001 on charges of corruption. The president today is Gloria Arroyo

Problems today The new leader faces many new obstacles in the Philippines The economy of the Philippines has been hit very hard by the worldwide economic crisis Terrorism is also a major problem Muslim rebels on the island of Mindanao have used terror in an attempt to gain independence

Approximately 63% of the island of Mindanao is Catholic and 32% is Muslim. (5% other)