Vybrané problémy medzinárodného práva v judikatúre Stáleho dvora medzinárodnej spravodlivosti a Medzinárodného súdneho dvora 17.10.2014 Mgr. Ľubica Gregová.

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Vybrané problémy medzinárodného práva v judikatúre Stáleho dvora medzinárodnej spravodlivosti a Medzinárodného súdneho dvora Mgr. Ľubica Gregová Širicová

Posudok „Bernadotte“  Poradný posudok Medzinárodného súdneho dvora "Bernadotte" (Náhrada škody za zranenia utŕžné v službe OSN) - pracovný preklad AJ – SJ Poradný posudok Medzinárodného súdneho dvora "Bernadotte" (Náhrada škody za zranenia utŕžné v službe OSN)pracovný preklad AJ – SJ  otázka subjektivity medzinárodnej organizácie, koncepcia odvodených právomocí (implied powers)  S.178: „...má Organizácia na medzinárodnom poli takú povahu, ktorá zahŕňa spôsobilosť uplatniť nárok podľa medzinárodného práva?... Inými slovami má Organizácia medzinárodnoprávnu subjektivitu? To je nepochybne doktrinálna téza, ktorá z času na čas vyvoláva kontroverzie.... V priebehu histórie bol vývoj medzinárodného práva ovplyvňovaný potrebami medzinárodného života a progresívny nárast spoločných aktivít štátov spôsobil nárast činností určitých subjektov na medzinárodnom poli, ktoré nemožno považovať za štáty.“  S. 179: „Podľa názoru Súdu bolo zamýšľané, aby organizácia vykonávala a požívala, ako aj v skutočnosti robí, funkcie a práva, ktoré môžu byť vysvetlené jedine na základe širokej medzinárodnoprávnej subjektivity a spôsobilosti pôsobiť na medzinárodnom poli... Treba priznať, že členské štáty zverením určitých úloh sprevádzaných povinnosťami a zodpovednosťou vybavili Organizáciu právomocou požadovanou na efektívne vykonávanie týchto úloh. “

(pokrač.)  S. 179: „Na základe uvedeného prišiel Súd k záveru, že Organizácia má medzinárodnoprávnu subjektivitu.... Ďalšou otázkou je, či výpočet práv zahŕňa aj právo uplatniť taký druh nároku podľa medzinárodného práva, aký je opísaný v žiadosti o poradný posudok.“  S. 180: „Zatiaľ čo štát požíva v plnej miere všetky práva a povinnosti podľa medzinárodného práva, práva povinnosti Organizácie závisia od jej cieľov a funkcií v zmysle, resp. na základe jej základných dokumentov a zažitej praxe. Súd prichádza k záveru, že členské štáty vybavili Organizáciu spôsobilosťou uplatňovať nároky podľa medzinárodného práva, pokiaľ je to nevyhnutné na vykonávanie jej funkcií.“  ot. č. 1 (Historický vývoj medzinárodného práva), č. 6 (Porovnanie rozsahu subjektivity jednotlivých subjektov medzinárodného práva), č. 8 (Medzinárodná organizácia ako subjekt medzinárodného práva)

Rozsudok „Barcelona Traction“  Rozsudok Medzinárodného súdneho dvora "Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company" (Belgicko proti Španielsku) - koncepcia erga omnes záväzkov Rozsudok Medzinárodného súdneho dvora "Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company"  Bod 32: „In these circumstances it is logical that the Court should first address itself to what was originally presented as the subject-matter of the third preliminary objection: namely the question of the right of Belgium to exercise diplomatic protection of Belgian shareholders in a company which is a juristic entity incorporated in Canada, the measures complained of having been taken in relation not to any Belgian national but to the company itself.“  Bod 33: „When a State admits into its territory foreign investments or foreign nationals, whether natural or juristic persons, it is bound to extend to them the protection of the law and assumes obligations concerning the treatment to be afforded them. These obligations, however, are neither absolute nor unqualified. In particular, an essential distinction should be drawn between the obligations of a State towards the international community as a whole, and those arising vis-à-vis another State in the field of diplomatic protection. By their very nature the former are the concern of all States. In view of the importance of the rights involved, all States can be held to have a legal interest in their protection; they are obligations erga omnes.“

(pokrač.)  Bod 34: „Such obligations derive, for example, in contemporary international law, from the outlawing of acts of aggression, and of genocide, as also from the principles and rules concerning the basic rights of the human person, including protection from slavery and racial discrimination. Some of the corresponding rights of protection have entered into the body of general international law (Reservations to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1951, p. 23); others are conferred by international instruments of a universal or quasi-universal character.“  Bod 35: „Obligations the performance of which is the subject of diplomatic protection are not of the same category. It cannot be held, when one such obligation in particular is in question, in a specific case, that all States have a legal interest in its observance. In order to bring a claim in respect of the breach of such an obligation, a State must first establish its right to do so…“  ot. č. 1(Historický vývoj medzinárodného práva), č. 16 (Pravidlá medzinárodného práva), č. 27 (Diplomatická ochrana štátnych príslušníkov – právnické osoby)

Rozsudok „Chorzów“  Rozsudok Stáleho dvora medzinárodnej spravodlivosti The Factory at Chorzów (Nemecko proti Poľsku)The Factory at Chorzów  Obsah zodpovednostného záväzku  S. 47: „The essential principle contained in the actual notion of an illegal act-a principle which seems to be established by international practice and in particular by the decisions of arbitral tribunals-is that reparation must, as far as possible, wipe out all the consequences of the illegal act and reestablish the situation which would, in all probability, have existed if that act had not been committed. Restitution in kind, or, if this is not possible, payment of a sum corresponding to the value which a restitution in kind would bear; the award, if need be, of damages for loss sustained which would not be covered by restitution in kind or payment in place of it-such are the principles which should serve to determine the amount of compensation due for an act contrary to international law.“  ot. č. 20 (Zodpovednosť štátov podľa medzinárodného práva)

Rozsudok „Nottebohm“  Rozsudok Medzinárodného súdneho dvora "Nottebohm Case" (Lichtenštajnsko proti Guatemale) Rozsudok Medzinárodného súdneho dvora "Nottebohm Case"  Diplomatická ochrana  S. 23: „According to the practice of States, to arbitral and judicial decisions and to the opinions of writers, nationality is a legal bond having as its basis a social fact of attachment, a genuine connection of existence, interests and sentiments, together with the existence of reciprocal rights and duties. It may be said to constitute the juridical expression of the fact that the individual upon whom it is conferred, either directly by the law or as the result of an act of the authorities, is in fact more closely connected with the population of the State conferring nationality than with that of any other State. Conferred by a State, it only entitles that State to exercise protection vis-à-vis another State, if it constitutes a translation into juridical terms of the individual's connection with the State which has made him its national.“  ILC Draft Articles on Diplomatic Protection with Commentaries: „Draft article 4 does not require a State to prove an effective or genuine link between itself and its national, along the lines suggested in the Nottebohm case as an additional factor for the exercise of diplomatic protection, even where the national possesses only one nationality.“

(pokrač.)  (pokrač.): „Despite divergent views as to the interpretation of the case, the Commission took the view that there were certain factors that served to limit Nottebohm to the facts of the case in question, particularly the fact that the ties between Mr. Nottebohm and Liechtenstein (the Applicant State) were “extremely tenuous compared with the close ties between Mr. Nottebohm and Guatemala... Moreover, it is necessary to be mindful of the fact that if the genuine link requirement proposed by Nottebohm was strictly applied it would exclude millions of persons from the benefit of diplomatic protection as in today’s world of economic globalization and migration there are millions of persons who have moved away from their State of nationality and made their lives in States whose nationality they never acquire or have acquired nationality by birth or descent from States with which they have a tenuous connection.“  Article 7: Multiple nationality and claim against a State of nationality  „A State of nationality may not exercise diplomatic protection in respect of a person against a State of which that person is also a national unless the nationality of the former State is predominant, both at the date of injury and at the date of the official presentation of the claim.“  ot. č. 27 (Diplomatická ochrana štátnych príslušníkov)

Rozsudok „Jadrové skúšky“  Rozsudok MSD „Jadrové skúšky“ (Austrália proti Francúzsku)Jadrové skúšky  Jednostranné vyhlásenia štátov  Bod 43: „It is well recognized that declarations made by way of unilateral acts, concerning legal or factual situations, may have the effect of creating legal obligations.... When it is the intention of the State making the declaration that it should become bound according to its terms, that intention confers on the declaration the character of a legal undertaking, the State being thenceforth legally required to follow a course of conduct consistent with the declaration. An undertaking of this kind, if given publicly, and with an intent to be bound, even though not made within the context of international negotiations, is binding. In these circumstances, nothing in the nature of a quid pro quo nor any subsequent acceptance of the declaration, nor even any reply or reaction from other States, is required for the declaration to take effect, since such a requirement would be inconsistent with the strictly unilateral nature of the juridical act by which the pronouncement by the state was made.“  Bod 45: „… Whether a statement is made orally or in writing makes no essential difference…“  ot. č. 12 (Typy prameňov medzinárodného práva a ich význam), č. 15 (Soft law a jeho význam pre medzinárodné právo)

Rozsudok Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros  Rozsudok MSD Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project (Maďarsko proti Slovensku)Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project  Prostriedky riešenia sporu  Komisia Európskych spoločenstiev ponúkla sprostredkovanie a počas rokovania oboch strán s Komisiou uskutočnenom v Londýne 28. októbra 1992, obe strany prijali viaceré predbežné záväzky  Osobitná dohoda o predložení sporu medzi SR a MR o projekte Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Medzinárodnému súdnemu dvoru  Maďarsko a Slovensko dosiahli dohodu o ustanovení trojstrannej skupiny expertov (jeden expert menovaný každou stranou a traja nezávislí experti menovaní Komisiou Európskych spoločenstiev), ktorá mala predložiť návrhy na núdzové opatrenia  ot. č. 17 (Pokojné riešenie sporov v medzinárodnom práve)

(pokrač.)  Podmienky protiopatrení  Bod 83: „Aby bolo odôvodniteľné, protiopatrenie musí spĺňať určité podmienky.... Po prvé, musí byť prijaté ako odpoveď na predchádzajúci medzinárodný protiprávny akt iného štátu a musí smerovať proti tomuto štátu....“  Bod 84: „Po druhé, poškodený štát musí vyzvať štát, ktorý sa dopustil protiprávneho aktu, aby ukončil svoje protiprávne správanie, alebo aby ho napravil.... “  Bod 85: „Podľa názoru Súdu dôležitým aspektom je to, že účinky protiopatrenia musia byť úmerné utrpenej škode, berúc do úvahy predmetné práva.“  Bod 87: „Preto Súd dospel k záveru, že odklonenie Dunaja, ktoré uskutočnilo Československo, nebolo právoplatným protiopatrením, pretože nebolo proporcionálne. Nie je potrebné, aby sa venoval inej podmienke právoplatnosti protiopatrenia, konkrétne, že jeho účelom musí byť primäť štát, ktorý koná protiprávne, aby začal dodržiavať svoje záväzky podľa medzinárodného práva, a že preto takéto opatrenie musí byť reverzibilné.“  ot. č. 20 (Zodpovednosť štátov podľa MP)

(pokrač.)  Aplikovateľnosť Viedenského dohovoru o ZP  Bod 46: „Súd sa nemusí podrobne zaoberať otázkou aplikovateľnosti Viedenského dohovoru z roku 1969 o zmluvnom práve. Musí zohľadniť iba skutočnosť, že mal už niekoľko príležitostí konštatovať, že niektoré pravidlá uvedené v tomto dohovore možno považovať za kodifikáciu existujúceho obyčajového práva. Súd je tohto názoru, že toto sa v mnohých smeroch týka ustanovení Viedenského dohovoru o skončení a pozastavení platnosti zmlúv stanovené v čl. 60 – 62.“  Ot. č.13 (Porovnanie zmluvného a obyčajového medzinárodného práva, ich vzťah a význam)

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