© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Removable Media Chapter 13

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Overview In this chapter, you will learn how to –Explain and install floppy disk drives –Demonstrate the variations among flash drives and other tiny drives –Identify and install optical-media technology –Troubleshoot removable media

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Removable Media Toolbox Figure 1: Author’s toolbox

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition What Is Removable Media? Floppy drives –Traditional floppy Flash drives –USB thumb drives to flash memory Optical media –CD-ROMs to DVDs External drives –Any drive that connects via an external cable

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Floppy Drive Basics

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Floppy Drives Floppy disk inserts into floppy drive. Lit LED indicates data is being read or written to disk. Figure 2: Floppy drive and floppy disk

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Installing Floppy Drives

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Installing Floppy Drives Floppy drives are designated A: or B:. Floppy drives connect to the computer via a 34-pin ribbon cable. Cables that support two floppy drives use a seven-wire twist. Figure 3: Floppy cable for only one drive

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Inserting Ribbon Cables Connect Pin 1 on the floppy drive cable to Pin 1 on motherboard. Pin 1 on the cable has a red stripe. Many connectors are keyed. If you reverse one end of the cable, the LED stays on.

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Inserting Ribbon Cables (continued) Figure 4: Plugging a floppy cable into a controller, pin 1 labeled at left Figure 5: Floppy controller with notch Figure 6: Cable placement determines the drive letter

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Installing Floppy Drives Power –3½-inch use mini-power connector CMOS –Usually configured to use 3½ inch, 1.44 MB –Can disable Boot Up Floppy Seek –Can change boot order to boot off floppy Figure 7: Properly installed mini-power connector

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Installing Floppy Drives (continued) Figure 8: CMOS setting for one standard floppy drive Figure 9: CMOS Boot Up Floppy Seek option

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Lab – Installing a Floppy Drive 1.Connect the data cable. –34-pin connector to FDD controller on motherboard –34-pin connector (closest to the twist) to floppy drive 2.Connect the power supply’s mini-connector to the floppy drive. 3.Boot the computer—watch the LED. 4.Turn off the computer. 5.Remove the 34-pin cable on the floppy drive and reinstall the cable backward. –DO NOT reverse the power connection!!!! 6.Reboot the computer—watch the LED.

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Flash Memory

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Flash Memory Same type of memory used in CMOS Two different families 1. USB thumb drives 2. Memory cards

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition USB Thumb Drives Became a de-facto replacement for floppy disks when transporting data Also known as jump drive or flash drive Hot-swappable Cross-platform compatibility Can create bootable thumb drives (must change boot order in BIOS to use) Figure 10: USB thumb drives

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Memory or Flash Cards Compact Flash (CF) –Use simplified PCMCIA bus –Two sizes: CF I and CF II –Some are actually micro hard drives with platters and heads SmartMedia –Was competitor to CF –Replaced by Secure Digital Figure 11: CF card

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Memory or Flash Cards (continued) Figure 12: Microdrive Figure 13: SmartMedia

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Memory or Flash Cards (continued) Secure Digital –Most common today –Size of postage stamp –SD and SDIO versions –Mini and micro forms available – Popular in cell phones Memory Stick –Sony proprietary format –Used in Sony devices that use flash memory Figure 15: Memory Stick Figure 14: SD, MiniSD, and MicroSD cards

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Memory or Flash Cards (continued) xD Picture Card –Developed by Olympus (proprietary) –Used almost exclusively in Olympus and Fujifilm digital cameras –Version available in USB housing Card Reader –Ability to read the different types of memory cards –Available separately –Often installed in PC Figure 17: USB card reader Figure 16: xD card

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Optical Drives

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Optical Media Include CD-, DVD-, and BD-media Generically called optical discs Drives called optical drives Include –CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW, DVD, DVD+RW, HD-DVD, BD, BD-R, BD-RE

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition How CDs Work Store data in microscopic pits –Burned in with power laser on glass master –Copies made on plastic –Covered with reflective metallic coating –Data on top under reflective label Written in “pits” and “lands” –Laser picks up on the reflected pattern of the pits and lands, and drive converts these to ones and zeroes –Standard CD holds ~650 MB –Watch those scratches! Figure 18: Location of the data

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition CD Formats CD-Digital Audio (CDDA) –Music CDs CD-ROM –Added file support and directory structure for PCs –Many different types ISO-9660 defines CD File System (CDFS) Figure 19: Crazy CD formats

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition CD-ROM Speeds First CD-ROM had speed of 150 KBps − Painfully slow! All others multiples of 150 KBps 1× 150 KBps10× 1500 KBps40× 6000 KBps 2 × 300 KBps12 × 1800 KBps48 × 7200 KBps 3 × 450 KBps16 × 2400 KBps52 × 7800 KBps 4× 600 KBps 24 × 3600 KBps60 × 9000 KBps 6× 900 KBps 32 × 4800 KBps72 × KBps 8 × 1200 KBps36 × 5400 KBps

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition CD-R (CD-Recordable) Gave users ability to record or burn CDs CD-Rs come in two sizes –74-minute 650 MB –80-minute 700 MB –Most CD-R burners now support 80-minute CDs Single-session and multi-session –Single-session data can be added only once –Multi-session enables data to be added multiple times (all modern CD-Rs are multi-session) –Two speeds: write speed and read speed (8×/24×)

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition CD-R (CD-Recordable) (continued) Figure 20: A CD-R disc, with its capacity clearly labeled

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition CD-RW (CD-Rewritable) CD-R drives have been replaced by CD-RW (CD-Rewritable) drives –CD-R discs still around (less expensive) –CD-R can be written to only once –CD-RW discs allow data to be written and overwritten Figure 21: CD-ROM, CD-R, and CD-RW discs

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition CD-RW (continued) CD Rewritable (CD-RW) works by –Using a laser to heat an amorphous (non-crystalline) substance –When cooled slowly, the areas touched by the laser become crystalline. –The crystalline areas are reflective. –The amorphous areas are not. Why buy a CD-R drive when a CD-RW drive can write to both CD-R and CD-RW discs?

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition CD-RW (continued) CD-RW drive specs have three multiplier values: write, rewrite, read (8 × 4 × 32) Can use special format called the Universal Data Format (UDF) –Replacement for ISO-9660 –All movie DVDs use this –No Windows support until Vista for writing to UDF-formatted discs (all Windows versions can read) Required third-party software UDF supports packet writing, enabling drag and drop—and delete — with CD-RWs

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Windows and CD-media All optical drives ATAPI-compliant –Means they plug into ATA controllers All modern versions of Windows support burning music and data to CD Figure 22: Optical drive in Windows

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Windows and CD-media (continued) Figure 23: Nero optical disc–burning program

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Music CDs Different format—Music CD-R –Can record to a Music CD-R or CD-RW –Cannot record from one –Designed to restrict duplication of copyrighted music

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Digital Versatile Discs (DVD) Developed by a consortium of electronics and entertainment firms –Released as digital video discs (DVD) in 1995 –DVD uses smaller pits than CD-media and packs them more densely, creating much higher data capacities –Both single-sided (SS) and dual-sided (DS) formats –Single-layer (SL) and dual-layer (DL) formats DVD VersionCapacityMarketing DVD-5 (SS/SL)4.37 GB4.70 GB DVD-9 (SS/DL)7.95 GB8.54 GB DVD-10 (DS/SL)8.74 GB9.40 GB DVD-18 (DS/DL)15.90 GB17.08 GB

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Digital Versatile Discs (DVD) (continued) Figure 24: Typical DVD-video

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition DVD-Video DVD-Video can store two+ hours of video on one side –Supports TV-style 4:3 aspect ratio screens as well as 16:9 theater screens Some producers distribute both on opposite sides of the DVD –Uses MPEG-2 video and audio compression standard Up to 1280 × 720 at 60 frames per second with CD-quality audio

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition DVD-ROM and Recordable DVD DVD-ROM –Similar to CD-ROM data format –Can store up to 16 GB of data –Players support DVD-video and most CD-ROM formats Recordable DVD –DVD-R and DVD+R Can write to them like CD-R Cannot erase –DVD-RW, DVD+RW, DVD-RAM Can be written to and rewritten to like CD-RW –Combo drives can do all of these—look for DVD Multi on the label –Not all players read all formats

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition DVD-ROM and Recordable DVD (continued) Figure 25: DVD-RAM disc

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Blu-ray Disc Larger capacity than CD or DVD –25 GB single-layer –50 GB dual-layer Three types of disc –BD-ROM (read only) –BD-R (recordable) –BD-RE (rewritable) Most Blu-ray Disc drives read CD and DVD discs Figure 27: A combination CD/DVD/Blu-ray Disc drive

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Installing Optical Drives Most look the same from a distance –Most also install the same way –Most are SATA and support ATAPI –Typically set up as slave when using PATA –Some are SCSI or USB Figure 28: CD-RW, DVD, and BD-R drives Figure 29: Label on optical drive indicating its type

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Installing Optical Drives (continued) Does the drive show up in the System Setup Utility? Does Windows recognize the optical drive? –Check Device Manager Figure 30: Typical DVD installation

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Installing Optical Drives (continued) Figure 31: Autodetect settings for two optical drives

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Installing Optical Drives (continued) Figure 32: DVD drive letter in My Computer

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Configuring Windows After installation, XP automatically plays optical discs −You can use the Properties dialog box to change the Autorun properties for a device −Or just hold down the left SHIFT key to bypass AutoPlay after inserting an optical disc

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Configuring Windows (continued) Figure 33: Windows XP prompting user for action Figure 34: AutoPlay tab for a CD-RW drive

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Configuring Windows (continued) Figure 35: Change CD drive letter option in Disk Management

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition AutoPlay in Vista/7 More robust implementation Can select specific actions –What to do with media –Which programs to run Control Panel | Hardware and Sound

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Applications CD-ROM drive installation does not require applications CD-R and CD-RW require applications for burning capabilities in XP (to a lesser extent) –Nero Burning ROM –Roxio’s Easy Media Creator –CDBurnerXP Pro

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Applications (continued) Windows Media Player is capable of burning music to CDs. Windows Explorer can burn data to your CDs. To burn videos, you’ll need to use Windows DVD Maker (Vista/7) or a third-party tool in XP.

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition ISO Files Complete copy of CD or DVD Can download ISO image and burn to CD –Provides fully functional CD – Commonly used to share copies of bootable CDs Unlike XP and Vista, Windows 7 can burn ISO images

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Blu-ray Disc Drive Issues No special hardware needed if just a storage device Special hardware needed for watching HD movies –Good processor –1+ GB RAM in XP; 2+ GB RAM in Vista –HDCP-compliant video card High-Bandwidth Digital Content Protection DVI or HDMI connector –Check CyberLink for the BD Advisor to see if your system measures up

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Troubleshooting Removable Media

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Floppy Drive Maintenance Floppy drives sometimes fail –Exposure to outside environment and mechanical damage are common causes Floppy drive cleaning kits can be used to clean drives –Can also use cotton swab with denatured alcohol

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Troubleshooting Optical Drives Connectivity problems –Occur if the power connector is not plugged in, cables are inserted incorrectly, or the jumpers have been misconfigured Disc may be dirty –Don’t believe someone who says optical discs can be cleaned in dishwasher

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Troubleshooting Optical Drives (continued) Figure 36: BIOS recognizing an optical drive at boot Figure 37: Optical-drive cleaning kit

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Troubleshooting Optical Drives (continued) Optical-media discs can be easily cleaned using a damp cloth or mild detergent. –Clean from center to edge; do not use a circular motion. Problems such as stuck discs can be resolved with a paper clip. –Find the small hole on the front of the optical drive. –Insert a small wire (paper clip) in the hole to manually eject the disc from the drive.

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Lab – Manually Eject Optical Media 1.Create a universal optical disc ejector (an unfolded paper clip). 2.Find the small hole on the front of the optical drive. 3.Insert the paper clip and feel around for a latch. 4.Push the latch in with the paper clip. 5.Drive will open.

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Burning Issues Know what it can do –Check out technical documentation before making a purchase. –Type review and the model number in a search engine to get other opinions. Media issues –Some brands of discs work better in certain brands of optical drives. Try several for your drives. –Media quality is based on speed and inks. Check for a manufacturer guarantee on speed.

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Buffer Underrun Most often occurs when copying from optical disc to optical disc –Occurs because the source device can’t keep the burner loaded with data. –Make sure your optical drive has a 2-MB or larger buffer. –Create an image file (one big file on the hard drive) first, because any hard drive can keep up with a CD/DVD/BD burner. –All current CD-RW, DVD, and BD burners have BURN-Proof technology to avoid buffer underruns.

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Firmware Updates Most drives come with an upgradeable Flash ROM chip. Check the manufacturer’s Web site for updates.

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Beyond A+ Color books –The different optical-technology specifications are identified by different colors. –Red, yellow, green, orange, white, blue – Audio CDs use the red book. – Recordable CDs use the orange book.

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ ® Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs Fourth Edition Beyond A+ (continued) BDXL format introduced in June 2010 –Drives capable of reading and writing to the discs didn’t appear until late 2011 Not compatible with current Blu-ray drives BDXL discs come in two flavors: –Triple-layer BDXL disc has a capacity of 100 GB –Quadruple-layer disc has a capacity of 128 GB