1. Write down your definition of “family”.  List the roles of the people in your family, for example mother, father, uncle, aunt.  2. Form a group of two or three people and compare definitions.  Compare the list of roles.  What are the similarities?  What are the differences? 1

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A collective body of persons who live in one house and under one head or management.. A family comprises a father, mother, and children. In a wider sense, it may include domestic servants; all who live in one house under one head. In a still broader sense, a group of blood-relatives; all the relations who descend from a common ancestor. ”Family,” in its origin, meant “servants;” but, in its more modern and comprehensive meaning, it signifies a collective body of persons living together in one house, or within the curtilage.  Law Dictionary: What is FAMILY? definition of FAMILY (Black's Law Dictionary)What is FAMILY? definition of FAMILY (Black's Law Dictionary) 4

◦ A relationship by blood, marriage, or affection, in which members ◦ may cooperate economically, ◦ may care for any children, and ◦ may consider their identity to be intimately connected to the larger group

◦ Family of Orientation: Family you were born into ◦ Family of Procreation: Family you make through marriage, partnering, and/or parenthood ◦ Fictive Kin: Nonrelatives whose bonds are strong and intimate 6

Regulation of Sexual Behavior Reproducing and Socializing Children Property and Inheritance Economic Cooperation Social Placement, Status, and Roles Care, Warmth, Protection, and Intimacy

8 Varies from culture to culture  Western Nations  Monogamy  Serial monogamy  African, Arab, & Asian nations  Polygamy  Polygyny  Polyandry Cultural definition

 Social Structure: Stable framework of social relationships  Micro-level: Individual interactions in specific settings  Macro-level: Interconnectedness of marriage, families, and intimate relationships with society

 Two key questions 1. How well are families taking care of children, the frail elderly, and the ill? (Public family) 2. How well are families providing emotional satisfaction for members? (Private family) 10

11  Definition: 1 adult or 2 adults who are:  Related by ◦ Marriage ◦ Partnership or ◦ Shared parenthood ◦ Taking care of dependents ◦ And the dependents themselves The Public Family

 Costs and Benefits Externalities:  Costs or benefits to others when an individual or business produces something 12

 Positive externalities: Benefits received by others when individuals or businesses produce something for which they are not fully compensated. 13

Negative externalities: Costs to others when an individual or business produces something of value to itself 14

 Private goods & services Benefit consumer  Public goods & services Benefit others Benefit community 15

16 Public Family Provides  Public Goods ◦ Things that benefit people who did not pay for or produce them: ◦ Children ◦ Social Security ◦ Highways ◦ National Defense

17 Functions for society: ◦ Reproduces society (e.g., children) ◦ Cares for young, poor, sick, & elderly  Saves public funds Public Family

 Free-rider problem  People who obtain & enjoy public goods  By letting others produce the goods 18

19 Two or more individuals Lasting intimate relationship Same household Combine income Share household labor Private Family

20 Private Family Provides family members: Intimacy Emotional support Love Financial support

21 Private Family  Kinship is:  Assigned  Acquired at birth or by marriage  Based on cultural roles  Created by ties of: ◦ Affection ◦ Concern ◦ Obligation ◦ Responsibility

◦ Individualism:  Pursuing own interests  Personally rewarding life 22

 On one hand, “marriage- centered family” life preferred  On the other, more tolerance for family life without marriage  Never marrying is acceptable 23

24 Most Americans want to marry  But…feel less need (pressure) Marriage and Individualism

Marriage may compete with: ◦ Staying in school ◦ Developing a career ◦ Cohabitating ◦ Having children 25

 Self-reliance  Personal achievement 26

 Developing one’s feelings  Emotional satisfaction 27

 -and-now-1955-to and-now-1955-to

 Patterns of Authority  Patriarchy  Matriarchy  Egalitarian

 Patterns of Descent ◦ Bilateral ◦ Patrilineal ◦ Matrilineal

 Residence Patterns ◦ Neolocal ◦ Patrilocal ◦ Matrilocal

32 Research and Families Scientific method Systematic, organized steps Objectivity Consistency

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 Survey ◦ Sampling ◦ Open-ended or fixed response  In-depth interview ◦ Detailed data ◦ Follow-up questions

 Experiment ◦ Control ◦ Cause & Effect ◦ Replication  Focus Group ◦ Group interaction ◦ Unanticipated information

 Observation ◦ Behavior in real setting ◦ Take notes  Secondary Analysis ◦ National data ◦ Documents ◦ Film etc. 36

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 Theories: Help Make Sense of World  Theory: Tool to understand and describe real world

 Dominant in 1950s  Focus on men’s and women’s different but complementary roles  Men-Instrumental  Women-Expressive  Cooperation  Social stability 43

 Inequality  Power ◦ Physical force ◦ Control of economic resources  Social change 44

 Gender: Central concept  Inequality  Men’s domination of women  Men & women experience family life differently

Economic model Calculate Rewards and Costs of relationships Costs and benefits of family members’ behaviors 46

47  Symbols used in interaction ◦ Words ◦ Gestures ◦ Appearances  Interpretation and reality  Development of self Symbolic Interaction

Developmental Theory Families and family members go through stages over time Each stage has — Tasks Roles Responsibilities

 Definitions of family  Functions of family  Macro-Micro Link  Social Structure  Family Change  Social science theory and research 49