OFFICE: Room 321 -before school -by appointment Mr. Malinkovich OFFICE: Room 321 -before school -by appointment

Wet-mount Slide

Honors Biology Objective: SWBAT: Explain how the respiratory and circulatory systems work together to maintain homeostasis (Review/Learning Check) CCSS: Use evidence to support a claim. Agenda: BR Discuss yesterday’s activity Take Notes BR: Update TOC: Cirsulatory and Respiratory Systems (review) HW: Study

Exchange of materials Animal cells exchange material across their cell membrane fuels for energy nutrients oxygen waste (urea, CO2) If you are a 1-cell organism that’s easy! diffusion If you are many-celled that’s harder

Overcoming limitations of diffusion Diffusion is not adequate for moving material across more than 1-cell barrier aa CO2 NH3 O2 CH CHO aa O2 CH CHO CO2 aa NH3 CHO CH O2 aa

In circulation… What needs to be transported nutrients & fuels from digestive system respiratory gases O2 & CO2 from & to gas exchange systems: lungs, gills intracellular waste waste products from cells water, salts, nitrogenous wastes (urea) protective agents immune defenses white blood cells & antibodies blood clotting agents regulatory molecules hormones

Evolution of vertebrate circulatory system fish amphibian reptiles birds & mammals 2 chamber 3 chamber 3 chamber 4 chamber A powerful four–chambered heart was an essential adaptation in support of the endothermic way of life characteristic of mammals and birds. Endotherms use about ten times as much energy as equal–sized ectotherms; therefore, their circulatory systems need to deliver about ten times as much fuel and O2 to their tissues (and remove ten times as much CO2 and other wastes). This large traffic of substances is made possible by separate and independent systemic and pulmonary circulations and by large, powerful hearts that pump the necessary volume of blood. Mammals and birds descended from different reptilian ancestors, and their four–chambered hearts evolved independently—an example of convergent evolution. Why is it an advantage to get big? Herbivore: can eat more with bigger gut. lowers predation (but will push predators to get bigger as well, although no one east elephant s.) V A A A A A A A V V V V V

Vertebrate circulatory system Adaptations in closed system number of heart chambers differs 2 3 4 high pressure & high O2 to body low pressure to body low O2 to body What’s the adaptive value of a 4 chamber heart? 4 chamber heart is double pump = separates oxygen-rich & oxygen-poor blood; maintains high pressure

Vertebrate cardiovascular system Chambered heart atrium = receive blood ventricle = pump blood out Blood vessels arteries = carry blood away from heart arterioles veins = return blood to heart venules capillaries = thin wall, exchange / diffusion capillary beds = networks of capillaries Arteries, veins, and capillaries are the three main kinds of blood vessels, which in the human body have a total length of about 100,000 km. Notice that arteries and veins are distinguished by the direction in which they carry blood, not by the characteristics of the blood they contain. All arteries carry blood from the heart toward capillaries, and veins return blood to the heart from capillaries. A significant exception is the hepatic portal vein that carries blood from capillary beds in the digestive system to capillary beds in the liver. Blood flowing from the liver passes into the hepatic vein, which conducts blood to the heart.

Mammalian heart to neck & head & arms Coronary arteries

Coronary arteries bypass surgery

Blood vessels arteries arterioles capillaries venules veins veins artery arterioles venules arterioles capillaries venules veins

Optimizing gas exchange Why high surface area? maximizing rate of gas exchange CO2 & O2 move across cell membrane by diffusion rate of diffusion proportional to surface area Why moist membranes? moisture maintains cell membrane structure gases diffuse only dissolved in water small intestines large intestines capillaries mitochondria

Lungs Lungs, like digestive system, are an entry point into the body lungs are not in direct contact with other parts of the body circulatory system transports gases between lungs & rest of body

Alveoli Gas exchange across thin epithelium of millions of alveoli total surface area in humans ~100 m2

Negative pressure breathing Breathing due to changing pressures in lungs air flows from higher pressure to lower pressure pulling air instead of pushing it

Mechanics of breathing Air enters nostrils filtered by hairs, warmed & humidified Pharynx  larynx (vocal cords)  trachea (windpipe)  bronchi  bronchioles  air sacs (alveoli) Epithelial lining covered by cilia & thin film of mucus mucus traps dust, pollen, particulates beating cilia move mucus upward to pharynx, where it is swallowed

Hemoglobin Why use a carrier molecule? Reversibly binds O2 O2 not soluble enough in H2O for animal needs blood alone could not provide enough O2 to animal cells hemoglobin in vertebrates = iron (reddish) Reversibly binds O2 loading O2 at lungs or gills & unloading at cells heme group The low solubility of oxygen in water is a fundamental problem for animals that rely on the circulatory systems for oxygen delivery. For example, a person exercising consumes almost 2 L of O2 per minute, but at normal body temperature and air pressure, only 4.5 mL of O2 can dissolve in a liter of blood in the lungs. If 80% of the dissolved O2 were delivered to the tissues (an unrealistically high percentage), the heart would need to pump 500 L of blood per minute — a ton every 2 minutes. cooperativity

Autonomic breathing control Medulla sets rhythm & pons moderates it coordinate respiratory, cardiovascular systems & metabolic demands Nerve sensors in walls of aorta & carotid arteries in neck detect O2 & CO2 in blood

Medulla monitors blood Monitors CO2 level of blood measures pH of blood & cerebrospinal fluid bathing brain if pH decreases then increase depth & rate of breathing & excess CO2 is eliminated in exhaled air

Regulation of Internal Environment What path does a red blood cell take from the left little toe, to the heart, and to the right big toe? A. Draw a large simple outline of a human in your notebook. B. Draw a heart with all 4 chambers and enough blood vessels to trace the flow of blood from the left little toe to the right big toe C. Label the drawing and create a legend: Capillaries, veins, arteries, heart, lungs Create a table in your notebook like the one on p. 165 in the book. Then, fill it in.

Word Cell membrane Meaning The boundary that keeps the inside of the cell separate from the outside of the cell. It allows some materials to pass through, but not all. Example/Drawing Connection to Other Words “Cell membrane” connects to the term “selectively permeable” because “selectively permeable” describes the fact that the membrane will only allow some materials through and not all.

Review Terms Impermeable Selectively permeable Bilayer Membrane protein Diffusion Osmosis Solute Solvent Solution Isotonic solution Hypertonic solution Hypotonic solution

Review of Literature 5 paragraphs Provides all background information needed to understand the experiment After reading review of literature, reader will be able to: Describe cell membrane Understand why diffusion and osmosis occur Predict the direction of molecular movement across a membrane Describe the methods used in the experiment

Review of Literature Vocabulary ALL of the following terms must be used correctly and defined when necessary (assume the reader knows no more than a 7th grader) Phospholipids Polar Ionic Proteins Active/passive transport Bilayer Membrane Hypotonic Hypertonic Isotonic Solute Solvent Solution Osmosis Diffusion Cell Concentration

Bar Graphs Type independent variables in one column Type dependent variable values in the column next to it Highlight all values in both columns Click on insert tab Select bar graph Play with options to adjust labels, units, title

Conclusion Restate hypothesis Describe what the data show Explain how the data support or do not support the hypothesis Give reasons based on data and review of lit. to explain why results may not meet predictions in all cases (discuss sources of experimental error) Conclude: because these results suggest …, and those results suggest…, it follows that…

Microscope

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

Paramecia and Amoeba Paramecium Amoeba .05-.35 mm .25-.5mm Unicellular

Plasma Membrane

Overview Cell membrane separates living cell from nonliving surroundings thin barrier = 8nm thick Controls traffic in & out of the cell selectively permeable allows some substances to cross more easily than others Made of phospholipids, proteins & other macromolecules

Phospholipids Hydrophilic “water loving” head Hydrophobic “water fearing” tail What is it about the molecular structure that explain this? How does this relate to the arrangement of the membrane?

Polarity An unbalanced charge over a single molecule (molecular dipole) Two molecules of the same charge will Repel? Attract?

Semi-permeable membrane Due to the structure, the membrane is only permeable to certain molecules This permeability influences movement both into and out of the cell Which ones may pass, and which may not? Why?

Channels through cell membrane Membrane becomes semi-permeable with protein channels specific channels allow specific material across cell membrane inside cell H2O aa sugar salt outside cell NH3

Diffusion across cell membrane Cell membrane is the boundary between inside & outside… separates cell from its environment Can it be an impenetrable boundary? NO! OUT waste ammonia salts CO2 H2O products IN food carbohydrates sugars, proteins amino acids lipids salts, O2, H2O OUT IN cell needs materials in & products or waste out

Diffusion 2nd Law of Thermodynamics governs biological systems universe tends towards disorder (entropy) Movement from high concentration of that substance to low concentration of that substance. Diffusion movement from high  low concentration

Osmosis is diffusion of water Water is very important to life, so we talk about water separately Diffusion of water from high concentration of water (low solutes) to low concentration of water (high solutes) across a semi-permeable membrane

Managing water balance Cell survival depends on balancing water uptake & loss balanced freshwater saltwater

Osmosis-Understanding Check Cell (compared to beaker)  hypertonic or hypotonic Beaker (compared to cell)  hypertonic or hypotonic Which way does the water flow?  in or out of cell

Types of Membrane Transport Membrane transport—movement of substances into and out of the cell Two basic methods of transport Passive transport No energy is required Active transport Cell must provide metabolic energy (ATP)

Transport summary simple diffusion facilitated diffusion ATP active transport

EggSperiment 3 eggs Vinegar Corn Syrup Water An egg is 1 huge cell Shell is dissolved in vinegar Membrane is exposed Osmosis can be studied Diffusion will not occur, WHY?

Engineering Period 3 Objective: SWBAT make linear measurements using the (US) system Agenda: BR Presentation Activity 3.1 b BR: TOC-Activity 3.1 b Linear Measurement (US) HW: Finish activity 3.1 b

Engineering Period 7 Objective: SWBAT make linear measurements using the (US) system Agenda: BR Presentation Activity 3.1 b BR: TOC-Activity 3.1 b Linear Measurement (US) HW: Finish activity 3.1 b

Period 3 Please sit in your assigned seat. Isaiah Diante Chen Dartanyan Justin Victor Breanna Marquel Jared Mariah Brent Starr Charles Yetomiwa Datreon Nikel Freddy Kensura William Deshun Candace Mariah Naquinna Judy Hideaki Deven Ijada Ronald Deja Elijah Projector Door

Unit 1-Design Process Essential Questions How might we create the best possible solution to a problem? What is the most effective way to generate potential solutions to a problem?  How many alternate solutions should you generate? What are the most pressing engineering/technical problems of our time? What is an engineer? What types of work do engineers do?