Proportional Representation

Plurality voting system - Advantages compared to proportional representation 1 Plurality is often conflated with single- winner voting systems in general, in order to contrast it with proportional representation. In this context, it shares advantages, such as local accountability, with other single-winner systems.

Closed list - List of countries with closed list proportional representation 1 (Countries that have electoral systems that are only partly closed list i.e. mixed- member proportional representation have been excluded.)

Mixed-member proportional representation 1 'Mixed-member proportional representation', also termed mixed- member proportional voting and commonly abbreviated to 'MMP', is a voting system originally used to elect Legislator|representatives to the German Bundestag, and which has now been adopted by numerous legislatures around the world.

Mixed-member proportional representation 1 MMP is similar to other forms of proportional representation (PR) in that the overall total of party members in the elected body is intended to mirror the overall proportion of votes received; it differs by including a set of members elected by geographic constituency who are deducted from the party totals so as to maintain overall proportionality

Mixed-member proportional representation 1 In Germany, where it is used on the federal level and on most state levels, MMP is known as 'personalized proportional representation'. In Quebec, where an MMP model was studied in 2007, it is called the compensatory mixed- member voting system (système mixte avec compensation or SMAC).

Single non-transferable vote - Proportional representation 1 SNTV can result in proportional representation when political parties have accurate information about their relative levels of electoral support, and nominate candidates in accordance with their respective level of electoral support

Proportional representation 1 Proportional representation requires the use of multiple-member electoral district|voting districts (also called super- districts). Proportional representation is not possible using single-member districts alone.

Proportional representation 1 * 'Party-list proportional representation|Party-list PR' systems where political parties define candidate lists and voters vote for a list, that is they vote for a party rather than for specific candidates (a closed list)

Proportional representation - Advantages and disadvantages of proportional representation 1 The case for proportional representation was made by John Stuart Mill in his 1861 essay Considerations on Representative Government:

Proportional representation - Gerrymandering 1 However, its effectiveness in this regard depends upon the features of the system, including the size of the regional districts, the relative share of list seats in the total, and opportunities for Mixed-member proportional representation|collusion that might exist

Proportional representation - Single transferable vote 1 There are different ways of setting the quota, but the most commonly used is the Droop quota, calculated by dividing the Total Valid Poll by one more than the number of seats to be filled, ignoring any remainder and then adding 1 vote.[ overnment-in-ireland/elections-and- referenda/voting/proportional_representation Proportional Representation] Irish citizens information Also used is the Hare quota (also known as the simple quota), established by dividing the number of votes by the number of seats.

Proportional representation - Mixed or hybrid 1 Mixed systems are hybrid systems combining a non-proportional and a proportional vote. The principle example is the Mixed member proportional representation|mixed member proportional system, which combine single seat constituencies elected by a single winner system with a compensating national or regional proportional vote, attempting to achieve some of the positive features of each.

Proportional representation - History 1 The name evolved from Mr.Hare's scheme to proportional representation, then proportional representation with the single transferable vote, and finally, by the end of the 19th century, to the single transferable vote,

Proportional representation - History 1 A party-list proportional representation system was devised and described in 1878 by Victor D'Hondt in Belgium

Proportional representation - History 1 San Francisco had city-wide elections in which people would cast votes for five or six candidates simultaneously, delivering some of the benefits of proportional representation.

Proportional representation - History 1 Switzerland has the largest use of proportional representation, which is the system used to elect not only national legislatures and local councils, but also all local executives.

Proportional representation - List of countries using proportional representation 1 Detailed information on voting systems applying to the first chamber of the legislature is maintained by the ACE Electoral Knowledge Network. This includes both a [ en/CDMap?question=ES005set_language=e n map] and a [ en/CDTable?view=countryquestion=ES005 detailed table by country]. What follows is a more summary presentation on countries using proportional representation.

Proportional representation - News 1 *Roland Nicholson, Jr., [ on/l-proportional-voting-suits-school- elections html?pagewanted=1?pagewanted =1 Proportional Representation Suits School Elections], New York Times, May 29,

Third party (United States) - Winner-take-all vs. proportional representation 1 In the United States, systems of proportional representation are uncommon, especially above the local level, and are entirely absent at the national level

Semi-proportional representation 1 A 'semi-proportional' voting system is a multi-winner voting system which allows representation of minorities, but does not reflect the strength of the competing political forces proportionally, mixing the principles of proportional representation and plurality voting.Giovanni Sartori, Parties and Party Systems. A framework for analysis. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

Semi-proportional representation - Semi-proportional systems 1 While most proportional representation systems are to some extent semi proportional due to thresholds, this artificial deals more with mixed systems, that are not designed to be as proportional as possible.

Semi-proportional representation - Semi-proportional systems 1 The choice to use a semi-proportional voting system may be a deliberate attempt to find a balance between majority rule and proportional representation: semi- proportional systems can allow for fairer representation of those parties that have difficulty gaining individual seats while still keeping the possibility of one party gaining a majority when there is a landslide victory

Semi-proportional representation - Partisan systems 1 Other forms of semi-proportional representation are based, or at least use, party lists to work. Looking to the electoral systems effectively in use around the world, there are three general methods to reinforce the majority rule starting from basic PR mechanisms: majority bonuses, extremely reduced constituency magniture, or additional member systems.

Semi-proportional representation - Partisan systems 1 The most simple mechanism to reinforce major parties in PR system is a reduced constituency magniture, so to reduce the possibility for minor national parties to gain seats. If the Spain|Spanish electoral system is still considered a form of proportional representation, the binomial system used in Chile effectively establish by law a two-party rule over the country.

Party-list proportional representation 1 'Party-list proportional representation' systems are a family of voting systems emphasizing proportional representation (PR) in elections in which multiple candidates are elected (e.g. elections to parliament) through allocations to an electoral list. They can also be used as part of mixed additional member systems.

Party-list proportional representation 1 List proportional representation may also be combined in various hybrids, e.g. using the additional member system.

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