Thermodynamics an Analogy & Its Constructs Mr. Gibson For All Science Disciplines at Selected Times

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is really – quite simply put – the study of one of the forms of energy called “HEAT”.

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics “HEAT” To simplify our study we will use an “analogy” by equating “Heat” [to] liquid water. Hopefully this will make it easier by visualizing liquid water & using this mental image and our experiences to better follow along with the constructs of “heat”.

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics “HEAT” However, before we go on -- let’s clarify a common “mistake” people make when talking about “Heat”…

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics “HEAT” People commonly confuse what “Heat” is -- with another construct called “Temperature”.

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics “HEAT” It is natural for people to confuse “Heat” with “Temperature”. That’s because we all know as you “heat” something up… its “temperature” goes up too.

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics “HEAT” But it is scientifically known and proven – “Heat” and “Temperature” are NOT the same thing!!!

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics “HEAT” To show that – “Heat” and “Temperature” are NOT the same thing we will now use our “water” analogy to get this idea firmly established in our mind before we go on to study the FOUR laws of Thermodynamics.

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics “HEAT” In our analogy with water… “Heat” – is a FORM of ENERGY – And it acts just like liquid water… … it FLOWS

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics “HEAT” “Temperature” is just like the HEIGHT LEVEL of liquid water… something that is both quantified (how high) and; measured (using an instrument of some kind).

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics “HEAT” A DIFFERENCE in “TEMPERATURES” makes; the energy form of “HEAT” [to] flow.

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics “HEAT” Using the diagram to the right. Water in the -- u-tube in the middle – when uncapped; the level of water would drop on the right side and would raise up on the left until it looked like the u-tube on the left.

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics “HEAT” Using the diagram to the right. Water in the -- u-tube on the far right would level out in the opposite direction. [Because] water flows FROM the HIGHER level[to] the LOWER level.

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics “HEAT” Like the water in the u-tubes… HEAT energy flows from the HIGHER temperature [to] the LOWER temperature… always.

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics “HEAT” It was the DIFFERENT water level heights in the u-tubes that determined which way each of the sides would flow…

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics “HEAT” And so it is with TEMPERATURE… it is the DIFFERENCES in TEMPERATURES that CAUSES the ENERGY to FLOW from the HIGHER (level) temperature [to] the LOWER (level) temperature…

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics You can melt a lot more ice using 1000 gallons of 90 degree water than you can with one spoonful of 200 degree water. Just because the spoonful is “hotter” (measured temperature)… it doesn’t mean it has a lot more “heat” (energy form) than there is in all those gallons of “colder” water (to melt the ice). “HEAT” In short --- Heat is an energy form that flows and temperature differences makes it flow.

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics “HEAT” – To visualize and explain heat flow let’s use another example of the water flow analogy. Suppose you have two cylinders of water connected by a pipe at their base, as shown (viewed from the side) below. Highest LEVEL of water Most AMOUNT of water Left cylinder side view Right cylinder side view

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics “HEAT” – The cylinder on the left has the HIGHEST level of water. The cylinder on the right has the MOST amount of water. Highest LEVEL of water Most AMOUNT of water Left cylinder side view Right cylinder side view

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics “HEAT” – Therefore; in our visualization Level = Temperature -&- Amount = Heat The cylinder on the left has the HIGHEST level of water. The cylinder on the right has the MOST amount of water. Highest LEVEL of water Most AMOUNT of water Left cylinder side view Right cylinder side view

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics “HEAT” – The water flows from the left cylinder (highest level) into the cylinder on the right (most amount) BECAUSE there is a DIFFERENCE in the LEVELS of water between the two cylinders… NOT from a difference in the amounts of water. Highest LEVEL of water Most AMOUNT of water Left cylinder side view Right cylinder side view

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics “HEAT” – It doesn’t matter if there is MORE water in the cylinder on the right… the water will continue to FLOW until the levels in each cylinder are EQUAL. Highest LEVEL of water Most AMOUNT of water Left cylinder side view Right cylinder side view

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics “HEAT” – Water does not continue to flow until the AMOUNTS of water are equal in each cylinder. Water flows until the LEVELS of water in each cylinder are equal. Highest LEVEL of water Most AMOUNT of water Left cylinder side view Right cylinder side view

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics “HEAT” – Like water… “energy” flows in such a way until the TEMPERATURES (levels) are equal or uniform. When uniform or equal… the Heat energy flow stops. Highest LEVEL of water Both cylinders’ water levels are equal Most AMOUNT of water No - flow Left cylinder side view Right cylinder side view

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics “HEAT” – Using the example of liquid water as an example Water: Clues & Questions Graphic Organizer 1. Starting at a ___________ level, water will always flow to a lower level. 2. Water in two connected cylinders will stop flowing when the (levels, amounts) in both cylinders [ circle one] are ___________. 3. Heat energy is like water because they both ________ from higher levels to lower levels. 4. Water flows because of the _____________ in levels.

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics “HEAT” – Using the example of liquid water as an example Water: Clues & Questions Graphic Organizer 1. Starting at a higher level, water will always flow to a lower level. 2. Water in two connected cylinders will stop flowing when the (levels, amounts) in both cylinders [ circle one] are ______. 3. Heat energy is like water because they both _____from higher levels to lower levels. 4. Water flows because of the __________ in levels.

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics “HEAT” – Using the example of liquid water as an example Water: Clues & Questions Graphic Organizer 1. Starting at a higher level, water will always flow to a lower level. 2. Water in two connected cylinders will stop flowing when the (levels, amounts) in both cylinders [ circle one] are equal. 3. Heat energy is like water because they both ______from higher levels to lower levels. 4. Water flows because of the __________ in levels.

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics “HEAT” – Using the example of liquid water as an example Water: Clues & Questions Graphic Organizer 1. Starting at a higher level, water will always flow to a lower level. 2. Water in two connected cylinders will stop flowing when the (levels, amounts) in both cylinders [ circle one] are equal. 3. Heat energy is like water because they both flow from higher levels to lower levels. 4. Water flows because of the ___________in levels.

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics “HEAT” – Using the example of liquid water as an example Water: Clues & Questions Graphic Organizer 1. Starting at a higher level, water will always flow to a lower level. 2. Water in two connected cylinders will stop flowing when the (levels, amounts) in both cylinders [ circle one] are equal. 3. Heat energy is like water because they both flow from higher levels to lower levels. 4. Water flows because of the differences in levels.

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics “HEAT” – Using the example of liquid water as an example Energy: Clues & Questions Graphic Organizer 1. Starting at a ___________ temperature, energy will always flow to a lower temperature. 2. Energy flowing from a high temperature source will ________flowing when the surrounding area’s temperature is __________ to it. 3. Heat energy is like water because it ________ from higher temperatures to lower temperatures. 4. Energy flows because of the _____________ in temperatures.

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics “HEAT” – Using the example of liquid water as an example Energy: Clues & Questions Graphic Organizer 1. Starting at a higher temperature, energy will always flow to a lower temperature. 2. Energy flowing from a high temperature source will _____flowing when the surrounding area’s temperature is ______ to it. 3. Heat energy is like water because it ______ from higher temperatures to lower temperatures. 4. Energy flows because of the ____________ in temperatures.

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics “HEAT” – Using the example of liquid water as an example Energy: Clues & Questions Graphic Organizer 1. Starting at a higher temperature, energy will always flow to a lower temperature. 2. Energy flowing from a high temperature source will stop flowing when the surrounding area’s temperature is _______ to it. 3. Heat energy is like water because it _______ from higher temperatures to lower temperatures. 4. Energy flows because of the _____________ in temperatures.

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics “HEAT” – Using the example of liquid water as an example Energy: Clues & Questions Graphic Organizer 1. Starting at a higher temperature, energy will always flow to a lower temperature. 2. Energy flowing from a high temperature source will stop flowing when the surrounding area’s temperature is equal to it. 3. Heat energy is like water because it _______from higher temperatures to lower temperatures. 4. Energy flows because of the _____________ in temperatures.

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics “HEAT” – Using the example of liquid water as an example Energy: Clues & Questions Graphic Organizer 1. Starting at a higher temperature, energy will always flow to a lower temperature. 2. Energy flowing from a high temperature source will stop flowing when the surrounding area’s temperature is equal to it. 3. Heat energy is like water because it flows from higher temperatures to lower temperatures. 4. Energy flows because of the ____________ in temperatures.

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics “HEAT” – Using the example of liquid water as an example Energy: Clues & Questions Graphic Organizer 1. Starting at a higher temperature, energy will always flow to a lower temperature. 2. Energy flowing from a high temperature source will stop flowing when the surrounding area’s temperature is equal to it. 3. Heat energy is like water because it flows from higher temperatures to lower temperatures. 4. Energy flows because of the differences in temperatures.

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics Up until now in your school careers you have heard about & studied Newton’s THREE Laws of Thermodynamics.

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics The 0th Law of Thermodynamics I am going to introduce the 0th Law of Thermodynamics discovered after the first three laws. We will begin there. 0th Law 1st Law 3rd Law 2nd Law

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics The 0th Law of Thermodynamics There are four laws of thermodynamics which build upon each other. They are numbered 0 through 3 because the most fundamental law was discovered after the First Law had already been given the number 1. Therefore, they had to assign the most fundamental law the number 0.

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics The 0th Law of Thermodynamics The Zeroth Law simply says: there is no heat flow between objects that are the same temperature. 0th Law In essence, the Zeroth Law is just a definition of what temperature is.

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics 0th Law T1 = T2 No energy flow.

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics The 1st Law of Thermodynamics The First Law simply says: heat (energy) cannot be either “created” or “destroyed” This is also known as: The Law of the Conservation of Energy

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics The 1st Law of Thermodynamics The First Law simply says: heat (energy) cannot be either “created” or “destroyed” 0th Law 1st Law T1 = T2 No energy flow. Amount of energy is “fixed”

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics The 1st Law of Thermodynamics The First Law also tells us… “Heat” (energy) can only FLOW from place to place -or- Change “forms” (of energy) but; It cannot be created from “nothing” or reduced to “nothingness”

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics The 1st Law of Thermodynamics The First Law simply says: heat (energy) cannot be either “created” or “destroyed” What is “work” (as defined by this law & science? Scientists (physicists actually) have also developed another term from this 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The term is called “work”.

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics The 1st Law of Thermodynamics The First Law simply says: heat (energy) cannot be either “created” or “destroyed” What is “work” (as defined by this law & science? Scientists (physicists actually) have also developed another term from this 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The term is called “work”.

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics The 1st Law of Thermodynamics The First Law simply says: heat (energy) cannot be either “created” or “destroyed” “work” occurs when energy flows from one place to another per science. Scientific “work” will be done (or wasted) when “Heat” flows or transfers from one place to another.

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics The 1st Law of Thermodynamics The First Law simply says: heat (energy) cannot be either “created” or “destroyed” 0th Law 1st Law T1 = T2 No energy flow. Amount of energy is “fixed” & “work” = energy flow

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics The 1st Law of Thermodynamics The First Law simply says: heat (energy) cannot be either “created” or “destroyed” Work in terms of Potential Energy To put it another way... When “heat” energy is waiting to flow from a higher level (temperature) to a lower level (temperature)… it can also be viewed as “work waiting to happen”.

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics The 1st Law of Thermodynamics The First Law simply says: heat (energy) cannot be either “created” or “destroyed” Work as PE And; When “work is waiting to happen”... … we can also call this (in a loose manner of speaking) POTENTIAL ENERGY Or PE

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics The 1st Law of Thermodynamics The First Law simply says: heat (energy) cannot be either “created” or “destroyed” 0th Law 1st Law T1 = T2 No energy flow. PE = “work” waiting to happen Amount of energy is “fixed” & “work” = energy flow

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics The 1st Law of Thermodynamics The First Law simply says: heat (energy) cannot be either “created” or “destroyed” “work” as KE And by extension; When “work IS happening” –or- flowing… … we can also call this (in a loose manner of speaking) KINETIC ENERGY Or KE

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics The 1st Law of Thermodynamics The First Law simply says: heat (energy) cannot be either “created” or “destroyed” “work” as KE In simple terms… “Heat” usually shows up in nature as the Kinetic Energy (KE) or rates of movement of molecules in their gaseous, liquid, or solid states of matter.

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics The 1st Law of Thermodynamics The First Law simply says: heat (energy) cannot be either “created” or “destroyed” 0th Law 1st Law T1 = T2 No energy flow. PE = “work” waiting to happen Amount of energy is “fixed” & “work” = energy flow & T1>T2 “work flows” = KE

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics The 1st Law of Thermodynamics The First Law simply says: heat (energy) cannot be either “created” or “destroyed” Now… Let’s go back to our classroom “Twin-burn” candle experiment/demo.

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics The 1st Law of Thermodynamics The First Law simply says: heat (energy) cannot be either “created” or “destroyed” At the beginning of our “Twin-burn” candle experiment/demo; the unlit candle at room temperature had some chemical energy in the wax of the candle. But there is no heat flow from an unlit candle, so it can’t do any work..

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics The 1st Law of Thermodynamics The First Law simply says: heat (energy) cannot be either “created” or “destroyed” A burning candle does not create heat because… According to the 1st Law of Thermodynamics heat (energy) cannot be created or destroyed.

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics The 1st Law of Thermodynamics The First Law simply says: heat (energy) cannot be either “created” or “destroyed” A burning candle liberates heat. Heat that already was in the candle (in the form of chemical energy) flows out..

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics The 1st Law of Thermodynamics The First Law simply says: heat (energy) cannot be either “created” or “destroyed” The melted wax is hot because heat has changed to a form that can escape.

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics The 1st Law of Thermodynamics The First Law simply says: heat (energy) cannot be either “created” or “destroyed” Heat has merely moved from a hot place to a cold place, making the hot place cooler and the cold place warmer...

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics The 1st Law of Thermodynamics The First Law simply says: heat (energy) cannot be either “created” or “destroyed” When both places are the same temperature there will still be the same amount of heat as there was before the candle was lit. The only difference is that the heat is less well organized than it was.

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics The 1st Law of Thermodynamics The First Law simply says: heat (energy) cannot be either “created” or “destroyed” Previously the heat was concentrated in the candle…

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics The 1st Law of Thermodynamics The First Law simply says: heat (energy) cannot be either “created” or “destroyed” After the candle burns out, and everything reaches the same temperature, the heat is more Uniformly distributed. It is more disorganized because it isn’t localized in one place… … it is “spread out”.

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics The Second Law simply says: heat (energy) in a “closed system” - one that does not exchange any energy with the surrounding environment – distributes itself out from a “Higher” organized state to a “Lower” disorganized state. After the candle burns out, and everything reaches the same temperature, the heat is more Uniformly distributed. It is more disorganized because it isn’t localized in one place… … it is “spread out”.

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics The fancy term for this spreading out or distribution of organized heat energy to a lower form of disorganized energy is - ENTROPY After the candle burns out, and everything reaches the same temperature, the heat is more Uniformly distributed. It is more disorganized because it isn’t localized in one place… … it is “spread out”.

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics says this “spreading out” of higher level organized energy into lower level disorganized energy is called: ENTROPY… … always INCREASES in a Closed System. The results of countless calculations have shown that every time heat flows from a hot spot to a cold spot, entropy increases. Every time heat flows from a cold spot to a hot spot, entropy decreases.

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics says ENTROPY… … always INCREASES in a Closed System. The Second Law says that entropy always increases in a closed system. The universe is a closed system because there is nothing outside of it to exchange heat with. DISorder Order

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics Says: heat in a “closed system” distributes itself out from being “highly organized” to “uniformly organized” with its surroundings 0th Law 1st Law T1 = T2 No energy flow. PE = “work” waiting to happen energy amount is “fixed” /”work” = energy flow & T1>T2 “work flows” = KE 2nd Law “organized”  “disorganized” = “entropy”

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics The Second Law says that entropy always increases in a closed system. Entropy can decrease in an open system only if energy is received from an outside source. Whenever energy is received by an open system, the sum of the entropy of the open system plus the entropy of the outside source increases. The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics says this “spreading out” of higher level organized energy into lower level disorganized energy –or- ENTROPY… … always INCREASES in a Closed System.

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics The Second Law says that entropy always increases in a closed system. Entropy can decrease in an open system only if energy is received from an outside source. The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics says this “spreading out” of higher level organized energy into lower level disorganized energy –or- ENTROPY… … always INCREASES in a Closed System.

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics The Second Law says that entropy always increases in a closed system. And whenever energy is received by an open system from an outside source; the sum of the entropy of the open system plus the entropy of the outside source – in total -- increases. The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics says this “spreading out” of higher level organized energy into lower level disorganized energy –or- ENTROPY… … always INCREASES in a Closed System.

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics The Third Law says all “work” processes are impossible to be 100% efficient therefore, heat/work is lost each time and this “loss” adds up over time. The 3rd Law of Thermodynamics The 3rd Law of Thermodynamics says “work” can be 100% efficient ONLY IF the final temperature level is ABSOLUTE ZERO

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics This means ALL energy flows are irreversible. At some point in the future everything will be at a uniform temperature level thus no “work” will be possible. The 3rd Law of Thermodynamics The 3rd Law of Thermodynamics says “work” can be 100% efficient ONLY IF the final temperature level is ABSOLUTE ZERO

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics The 3rd Law of Thermodynamics Says: “Work can only be 100% efficient (no work lost) IF the lower temperature = Absolute Zero; Which is impossible due to ZPE & subatomic motion. 0th Law 1st Law T1 = T2 No energy flow. PE = “work” waiting to happen energy amount is “fixed” /”work” = energy flow & T1>T2 “work flows” = KE 3rd Law 2nd Law “Work” < 100% Efficient & over time all “work” will stop as T1 = T2 “organized”  “disorganized” = “entropy”

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics When the temperature level of the universe reaches uniformity – no work is possible and; the universe will suffer a “heat death” of non-existence. The 3rd Law of Thermodynamics The 3rd Law of Thermodynamics says “work” can be 100% efficient ONLY IF the final temperature level is ABSOLUTE ZERO

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics Absolute Zero is the theoretical point where all motion stops. There would be no “flow” of energy. The 3rd Law of Thermodynamics The 3rd Law of Thermodynamics says “work” can be 100% efficient ONLY IF the final temperature level is ABSOLUTE ZERO

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics The Study of Absolute Zero; And with it ZPE (Zero Point Energy and its impact upon the motion of electrons) as well as the Casimir Effect –or- the magnetic “attraction” between two “neutral” plates in a vacuum will be studied later by the Advanced Science class. The 3rd Law of Thermodynamics The 3rd Law of Thermodynamics says “work” can be 100% efficient ONLY IF the final temperature level is ABSOLUTE ZERO

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics In summary -- The Laws of Thermodynamics The 0th Law says: The energy of the entire universe flows irreversibly in one direction only; The 1st Law says: We all have a “stake in the game”; The 2nd Law says: We cannot get out of the game; The 3rd Law says: We cannot possibly win…

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics In summary – There is a fixed amount of heat in the universe. Heat is neither created, nor destroyed. The Laws of Thermodynamics The 0th Law says: The entire universe flows irreversibly in one direction only; The 1st Law says: We all have a “stake in the game”; The 2nd Law says: We cannot get out of the game; The 3rd Law says: We cannot possibly win…

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics In summary – Heat is "organized" when there are some places that are hotter or at a higher temperature than others. The Laws of Thermodynamics The 0th Law says: The entire universe flows irreversibly in one direction only; The 1st Law says: We all have a “stake in the game”; The 2nd Law says: We cannot get out of the game; The 3rd Law says: We cannot possibly win…

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics In summary – Heat always tries to disorganize itself by moving from a higher temperature hot place to a lower temperature cold place. And because of this temperature difference; spreading itself out as evenly as possible. The Laws of Thermodynamics The 0th Law says: The entire universe flows irreversibly in one direction only; The 1st Law says: We all have a “stake in the game”; The 2nd Law says: We cannot get out of the game; The 3rd Law says: We cannot possibly win…

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics In summary – Entropy is a measure of how evenly spread out the heat is. (In other words, entropy is a measure of heat disorder.) The Laws of Thermodynamics The 0th Law says: The entire universe flows irreversibly in one direction only; The 1st Law says: We all have a “stake in the game”; The 2nd Law says: We cannot get out of the game; The 3rd Law says: We cannot possibly win…

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics In summary – As heat flows from one place to another, it either does work or wastes the opportunity to do work The Laws of Thermodynamics The 0th Law says: The entire universe flows irreversibly in one direction only; The 1st Law says: We all have a “stake in the game”; The 2nd Law says: We cannot get out of the game; The 3rd Law says: We cannot possibly win…

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics In summary – Natural processes cannot violate these laws. The Laws of Thermodynamics The 0th Law says: The entire universe flows irreversibly in one direction only; The 1st Law says: We all have a “stake in the game”; The 2nd Law says: We cannot get out of the game; The 3rd Law says: We cannot possibly win…

Simple Overview/Study of Thermodynamics 0th Law 1st Law T1 = T2 No energy flow. PE Amount of energy is “fixed” KE 3rd Law 2nd Law Energy “flow” (work) is < 100% efficient and will ultimately stop. Energy spreads out to uniform randomness = Entropy