Remember AS Control of Heart Rate? hill.com/sites/ /student_view0/chapter13/animation__chemoreceptor_refle x_control_of_blood_pressure.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/ /student_view0/chapter13/animation__chemoreceptor_refle x_control_of_blood_pressure.html Sympathetic Parasympathetic

Describe, with the aid of diagrams, the gross structure of the human brain and outline the functions of the cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla oblongata and hypothalamus. (page 228)

Human Brain Label on the diagram of the brain page 4: Medulla oblongata Cerebellum Pons Hypothalamus Pituitary Gland Cerebrum or Cerebral Hemispheres Corpus callosum Use the A3 picture at home on your wall or cut it up like a jigsaw.

Brain – can you find the parts on the model? Functions of the brain parts: TtfXw Best one – first half onlyhttp:// TtfXw Xg1Lk&feature=related - songhttp:// Xg1Lk&feature=related

A B C D E F G Write your answers on a whiteboard

So, what are the brain part functions? Check our summaries of the main functions of the cerebrum, hypothalamus, cerebellum and medulla oblongata in the table on page 4. Cerebellum – plays a key role in coordinating balance and fine movement. Lets do a balance and find out one sensory input to the cerebellum. Now answer question at top of page 6.

True or False? Medulla oblongata controls the autonomic NS and so therefore, muscle in gut wall and breathing movements. Hypothalamus contains the cardiac centre. Cerebrum controls the coordination of movement and posture. Cerebellum controls the coordination of movement, balance and posture.

How do the cerebellum and somatic NS work together? You will explain this to your partner, including detail of the functions of the cerebellum. Let’s recap the cerebral cortex.

The cerebral cortex (the folded brain surface) in more detail. Define sensory, motor and association areas on page 5 (see page 228) Now complete page 5 by colouring in and labelling the regions on page 228, Fig 2. Let’s discuss questions 1 – 3, A and B, page 229

What do you think these diagrams represent? Now have a go at the “Brain: what am I? quiz”

Now to Dopamine (neurotransmitter) in the brain ( this will come up in animal behaviour…) There are neighbouring neurons that release another compound called a neuromodulator. These help to enhance or inhibit neurotransmission that is controlled by neurotransmitters such as dopamine. In this case, the neuromodulator is an "endorphin“ (in red). Endorphins bind to opiate receptors (in yellow) which can reside on the post-synaptic cell (shown here) or, in some cases, on the terminals of other neurons (this is not shown so it must be pointed out). The endorphins are destroyed by enzymes rather than removed by uptake pumps.

What is happening?

P 246. Discuss how the links between a range of human behaviours and the dopamine receptor DRD4 may contribute to the understanding of human behaviour. Dopamine is a precursor for adrenalin and noradrenalin. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter in the brain. Low levels Parkinson’s Disease High levels Increased cerebral activity, creativity mental health problems such as psychosis. (Define psychosis, page 247)

Range of response is due to 5 different receptors – explain how they can each lead to different responses! (key definition) DRD1, DRD2, DRD3, DRD4, and DRD5 are each coded for by a different gene. The binding of dopamine to a receptor may stimulate motivation, learning or other transmitter releases. It may also decrease inhibition. Some antipsychotic drugs work by blocking dopamine receptors.

50 + variants of DRD4 gene! A short section of nucleotides shows a different number of repeats in each variant called variable number tandem repeats. Some variants affect the level and action of dopamine in the brain. They may be linked to ADHD. See fig 2, page 246. Ritalin affects levels. Other variants may be linked to addictive behaviour – high levels of dopamine produce high levels of risk taking in these people.

8 Genetic markers have also been found for OCD caused by lack of serotonin. What did the longitudinal study of twins find? Epigenetics is involved!

True or False? Dopamine is a precursor for adrenalin and serotonin. High levels produce Parkinson’s Disease High levels produce psychosis. Each of the 8 different DRD receptors are coded for by a different gene. Dopamine may stimulate motivation. Variants of DRD4 genes show different numbers of repeated sequences of bases. Variants may lead to ADHD or addictive behaviour. Your homework question is about dopamine.

Starter - Mark your partner’s answer to dopamine question. (MS in pdf) AIMS – AS Evaluation is on Tuesday/Wednesday next week at 4:15 EB1. Homework – drawing page 5, table page 1 and revision of biotechnology and genetic engineering. Joints Recap motor end plates. Introduce 3 muscle types. Introduce skeletal muscle structure. useful site for those who are retaking AS and like working on line or mp3.

Your task is to compare the structure and function of a) involuntary (smooth) and b) cardiac to c) voluntary muscle. Include examples (page 234) You can do this by completing the table (booklet page 1) or producing your own revision table / diagram / notes.

Describe how coordinated movement requires the action of skeletal muscles about joints….. Can anyone name this type of joint? Page 232 and new booklet page 2.

Which hinge synovial joint?

What is missing from this elbow diagram to allow full movement? Let’s complete diagram in booklet.

Define in detail the function of: Antagonistic muscles (which must be coordinated). Synergists. Cartilage (on bone ends) Synovial membrane. Synovial fluid. Ligament. Tendon. Page 232 and booklet page 3

F A B C D E G Now complete page 3 and top of page 4.

Control of Contraction page 4 and 232/3 A neuromuscular junction is a specialised synapse which…… Summarise the events in Fig 3, page 232. (5 mins) How is a graduation of contraction response brought about? Twitch and Tetanus page 5 let’s discuss what graphs show, but drawing is for homework.

Compare and contrast the action of synapses and neuromuscular junctions. Can you see any differences between this neuromuscular junction and a synapse? Look also at the diagram on page 232 And then complete the comparison table p 6.

Label arrows End plate membrane “Wavy” sarcolemma mitochondrion vesicle

Outline the structural and functional differences between voluntary (skeletal) involuntary (smooth) and cardiac muscle. Skeletal - voluntary Muscle fibre – a single cell. Nuclei Stripes of muscle protein – actin and myosin.

Cardiac and Smooth (__________)Muscle Nucleus Joins between muscle cells Intercalated disc Spindle shaped cell Single nucleus in cell myocyte

Outline the structure and function of voluntary (skeletal) muscle Skeletal - voluntary Muscle fibre – a single cell. Nuclei Stripes of muscle protein – actin and myosin.

Antagonistic skeletal muscles move bones at the j_____ by contracting and so p_____ them where they are connected by ______. Voluntary muscle cells form fibres about 100µm wide – containing several nuclei pushed to the outside – why? Define sarcolemma, sarcoplasm and sarcomere. (page 235) Now turn to the muscle power point, muscle pages and page 236.

Aims Recap homework re muscle types by checking pictures and trying question 2 a) b) c) and d), F215, Jan Skeletal muscle micro structure and mechanism of movement. Homework – Muscle booklet, pages 20, 10, 11 quest 2, page 12, 13 and 14, quest 3. Bring to check next lesson.