Pesticide Applicator Training General Pest Category – 10A David J. Shetlar, Ph.D. The “BugDoc” The Ohio State University, OARDC & OSU Extension Columbus, OH © November, 2004, D.J. Shetlar, all rights reserved

General Pest Control (ODA Category 10A) Areas covered by exam: Pest Identification Biology of Major Pest Groups Control Approaches Pesticide Types, Modes of Action, & Application Techniques Reading & Understanding Label Instructions

Groups Included in “General Pest” Cockroaches Pantry Pests (grain & flour pests) Nuisance Pests (ants, bees, wasps, flies) Fiber & Paper Pests (carpet beetles, clothes moths, silverfish, booklice) Structural (carpenter ants & bees - not termites) Occasional Invaders (spiders, centipedes, millipedes, earwigs, mites, etc.) Parasites (fleas, ticks, lice, bed bug) Rodents

Characteristics of the Phylum Arthropoda The segmented bodies are arranged into regions, called tagmata (e.g., head, thorax, abdomen). The paired appendages (e.g., legs, antennae) are jointed. They posses a chitinous exoskeletion that must be shed during growth. They have bilateral symmetry. The nervous system is dorsal (belly) and the circulatory system is open and ventral (back).

Arthropod Groups (taxa) The arthropods are divided into two large groups that exist today: The Chelicerates and The Mandibulates

Chelicerate Arthropod Characters: Pincher-like mouthparts - chelicerae - and pedipalps NO antennae Two body regions, usually - cephalothorax & abdomen Four pairs of legs Horseshoe crabs and arachnids are only living groups

Mandibulate Arthropod Characters: Mouthparts are mandibles - normally chewing sideways One or two pairs of antennae Various body region arrangements - cephalothorax & abdomen / head & trunk / head, thorax & abdomen Variable leg numbers Insects, crustaceans & myriapods

Orders of Arachnids Scorpionida - scorpions Pseudoscorpionida - false scorpions Phalangida - daddy-long-legs or harvestmen Acari - mites & ticks Araneida - spiders

pedipalps & chelicerae cephalothorax abdomen Mite and Tick Body Regions

American dog tick male Blacklegged (deer) tick female

pedipalp chelicera (fang) cephalothorax abdomen narrow waist Spider Anatomy

Abdomen Pedipalp Chelicera (fang) Cephalothorax Jumping Spider

Classes of Myriapods (many legged arthropods) (all have one pair of antennae, a head region, and trunk with many pairs of legs, use trachea) Diplopoda - millipedes Chilopoda - centipedes Symphyla - garden centipedes

Myriapods Millipede (Diplopoda) Two pair of legs per visible segment, attached under body. Centipede (Chilopoda) Pair of fangs under head, one pair legs per visible segment - attached to side of body. Symphylan (Symphyla) [garden centipede] No fangs, no eyes, legs attached to side of body. [one pair of antennae, head & trunk regions, trunk with many pairs of legs]

Millipede (Diplopoda) Centipede (Chilopoda) Garden centipede (Symphyla)

Classes of Crustacea (mostly marine, fresh water, a few terrestrial) (all have two pair of antennae, five or more pairs of legs, segmented abdominal appendages, head & trunk or cephalothorax & abdomen body arrangement, have gills) Isopoda - sowbugs or pillbugs Amphipoda - sand fleas, amphipods Cirripedia - barnicles Decapoda - crabs, lobster, shrimp several other minor orders

Crayfish cephalothorax (Decapoda) Sowbug (Isopoda), a terrestrial crustacean

Class Insecta (all have one pair of antennae, a head, thorax & abdominal regions, three pair of legs, adults usually have wings, use trachea) Life Cycle Groups Incomplete - egg, nymph, adult stages Complete - egg, larva, pupa, adult stages

Incomplete Life Cycle Example (hairy chinch bug) egg 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th adult instar instar instar instar instar Egg Nymphal Adult Stage Stage Stage

Incomplete Metamorphosis Example (hairy chinch bug) egg 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th shortwing normal wing instar instar instar instar instar adult adult Egg Nymphal Adult Stage Stage Stage

Complete Life Cycle Example (May/June beetle) egg 1st 2nd 3rd pupa adult instar instar instar Egg Larval Pupal Adult Stage Stage

Complete Life Cycle Example (northern masked chafer) egg 1st 2nd 3rd pupa adult instar instar instar Egg Larval Pupal Adult Stage Stage

Cockroaches Ancient group (survivors!) Incomplete life cycle (eggs in cases) Omnivores (eat almost any food) Anthropomorphic species (tropical & subtropical species that live in the “comfort” of human buildings)

Cockroach Species German Brownbanded American Oriental (=waterbug) Domestic Ohio Species Native Species Woods roach

Cockroach Species SpeciesSizeLife SpanPreferred Habitats AmericanLarge yrNeeds water, commonly breeds in sewer systems & underground utility systems. OrientalMedium yrPrefers high humidity areas, can withstand freezing temps, often in basements, garages, crawl spaces. BrownbandedSmall daysCan withstand dryer conditions, often lives in electrical equipment, attaches egg cases anywhere. GermanSmall monthsRetains egg case until hatching, needs warmth, & water, often around food processing areas.

Cockroach Species Woods Roach Native North American species Attracted to lights at night Reduce dense outside vegitation Exclusion or parameter sprays useful in control

Cockroach Management Monitor (sticky traps, flushing agents, determine extent of population) Sanitation Exclusion (caulking, parameter sprays) Crack & Crevice Sprays or Dusts (treat all areas at once) Baits (eliminate other foods!)

Beetles (& weevils) Moths Mites Stored Products Pests

Beetle Pantry Pests (by food type) Internal FeedersWeevils Grain borer External FeedersCigarette & Drugstore beetles ScavengersGrain & flour beetles Secondary Feeders (old/moldy foods) Mealworms Spider beetles

Indian meal moth (dried fruits, processed grains, bird seed, dry pet food) Mediterranean flour moth (processed grains) Almond Moth (processed grains) Angoumois grain moth (whole grains - often in farm granaries) Moth Pantry Pests

Beetle, Moth & Mite Pantry Pest Management Monitor (visual inspection, pheromone traps) Sanitation (destroy infested materials) Exclusion (store foods in tightly sealed containers, in freezer if possible) Freeze or heat infested products (150°F for 20 minutes or 0°F for four days) Fumigate (large food stores only!)

Fiber, Skin & Paper Pests Carpet Beetles (black carpet beetle, furniture carpet beetle, carpet beetle) Clothes Moths (webbing clothes moth, casemaking clothes moth, carpet moth) Silverfish & Firebrat (silverfish, firebrat, fourlined silverfish)

Common carpet beetle Black carpet beetle

Nuisance & Filth Flies House Fly Blow Flies Flesh Flies Fruit Flies Moth Flies (drain fly) Cluster Fly Phorid Flies

Winged Ants versus Winged Termites Elbowed antennaeBeadlike, curved antennae Narrow “waist”No waist between thorax & abodmen Wings unequal in size Wings equal in size

Food Preferences (sugars, oils, or omnivores) Nesting Habits (soil, tree voids, or building voids) Worker Types (single - monomorphic - or multiple sizes - polymorphic) Reproductive Strategy (single or multiple queens) Nuisance Ants

Common Ohio Ants Carpenter Ant Characterized by having polymorphic workers Nest by excavating decaying wood or voids (they don’t eat the wood, they cast out wood shavings!) Major nests in trees (satellite nests in buildings where water is available) Most active at night (best time to find colony(ies) is at night!)

Carpenter Ant Management Locate nesting site(s) (outside and/or inside - look at night, repair water damaged structures) Prune back trees and shrubs touching infested building Seal external entry sites Exclude with parameter sprays Treat colonies (injection, dusts) (baiting is rarely successful)

Larger Yellow (Citronella) Ant Odorous House Ant Acrobat Ants Argentine Ant Little Black Ant Pavement Ant Pharaoh Ant Thief Ant Common Ohio Ants House & Building Invaders

Ant Management Identify species! Locate nesting site (outside and/or inside) Prune back trees and shrubs touching infested building Seal external entry sites Exclude with parameter sprays Select appropriate bait Treat colonies (injection, dusts)

Household Related Parasites Fleas Ticks Lice (head, body, pubic) Mosquitoes No-see-ums (ceratopogonids) Bird mites

Fleas Cat, dog & rat fleas are most commonly found (cat flea is, by far, the most common on dogs and cats!) Adults suck blood for food Eggs drop from host Flea larvae feed on organic debris & blood excrement from adult fleas Pupae may remain dormant

Flea Life Cycle Eggs days Larvae days Pupae days Adults months females eggs/day total

Flea Control Coordination Pet ExteriorInterior

Flea Control Products Pesticides - Contact Pesticides - IGR's Biological Control Bendiocarb (Ficam)* Chlorpyrifos (Dursban) Cyfluthrin (Tempo)* Diazinon Fluvalinate (Mavrik) Permethrin (Astro)* Pyrethrins Fenoxycarb (Torus) Methoprene (Precor) Steinernema carpocapsae (Exhibit, Vector, Biosafe)

Tick Control Common Ohio Species Not Native to Ohio American Dog Tick Groundhog Tick Brown Dog Tick Black legged Tick (Deer Tick)

American Dog Tick Eggs days Larvae - six legs, 3-7days feed rodent host, 7 days molt Nymph - 8 legs, 3-6 days feed small host, 2-3 weeks molt Adults - 8 legs, 7-10 days feed large host, eggs in 5-7 days 4,000-6,500 eggs

Tick Management Avoidance Destroy Habitat & Hosts Removal Chemical Control

Tick Control Products Chemical Sprays Repellents Carbaryl (Sevin) Chlorpyrifos (Dursban) Cyfluthrin (Tempo)* Diazinon Fenvalerate (Mavrik) Malathion Bendiocarb (Ficam)* Deet Permanone

Human Lice Head louse most common (obtained by contact and exchanging clothing, especially hats and head gear) Body louse very uncommon Pubic louse fairly common (obtained ONLY by body-to-body contact!)

Mosquitoes Many species involved Larvae grow in temporary pools of water (from acres of wet fields to tiny tree holes and roadside cans or trash) May require area treatments

Occasional Invaders Spiders Earwigs Millipedes, centipedes, sowbugs Bugs (pine leaffooted, boxelder) Asian multicolored lady beetle Clover mite

Ohio Nuisance Rodents

Rodent Management Cultural & Physical Rat Proofing Traps Glueboards Chemical Rodenticides (tracking powders, single dose, acutes, anticoagulants, fumigants)