Mulvihill, Zelman, Holdaway, Tompary, and Raymond Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, 6e Copyright ©2006 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Human Diseases A Systemic Approach Sixth Edition Chapter 3 Infectious Diseases Mary Lou Mulvihill Mark Zelman Paul Holdaway Elaine Tompary Jill Raymond

Chapter 3 Infectious Diseases Slide 12Pneumonia Slide 12Pneumonia Slide 27Penicillin Slide 27Penicillin Slide 34Specimen Collection Slide 34Specimen Collection Slide 35Sanitation, Disinfection, and Sterilization Slide 35Sanitation, Disinfection, and Sterilization Multimedia Asset Directory Mulvihill, Zelman, Holdaway, Tompary, and Raymond Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, 6e Copyright ©2006 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

Mulvihill, Zelman, Holdaway, Tompary, and Raymond Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, 6e Copyright ©2006 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Bacteria  Small size, no nucleus or membranous organelles  Cell wall – Cocci – Bacilli – Spirilla – Vibrios  Gram-positive  Gram-negative

Mulvihill, Zelman, Holdaway, Tompary, and Raymond Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, 6e Copyright ©2006 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Infectious Disease  Contagious  Communicable – transmitted from human to human  Noncommunicable – not transmitted directly from humans

Mulvihill, Zelman, Holdaway, Tompary, and Raymond Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, 6e Copyright ©2006 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Figure 3-1: Types of pathogenic organisms include bacteria (A), viruses (B), protozoa ( C ), and helminths, or worms (D).

Mulvihill, Zelman, Holdaway, Tompary, and Raymond Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, 6e Copyright ©2006 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Bacterial Reproduction – Illness  Binary fission  Endospores – genetic material resistant to dessication  Endotoxin – causes life-threatening shock  Bacteria are able to adapt and survive in a number of different environments.

Mulvihill, Zelman, Holdaway, Tompary, and Raymond Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, 6e Copyright ©2006 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Figure 3-2A: Gram-stained bacteria on microscope slide. Pink rod-shaped cells are Escherichia coli. (Courtesy of the CDC, 1979.)

Mulvihill, Zelman, Holdaway, Tompary, and Raymond Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, 6e Copyright ©2006 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Figure 3-2B: Purple cocci are Staphylococus aureus. (© SIU BioMed/Custom Medical Stock Photo.)

Mulvihill, Zelman, Holdaway, Tompary, and Raymond Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, 6e Copyright ©2006 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Table 3-1: Common Bacterial Pathogens and Associated Diseases.

Mulvihill, Zelman, Holdaway, Tompary, and Raymond Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, 6e Copyright ©2006 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Normal chest x-ray of clear lungs. (Courtesy of the CDC.)

Mulvihill, Zelman, Holdaway, Tompary, and Raymond Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, 6e Copyright ©2006 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Lung with bacterial pneumonia in lower right lobe. Bacterial infection has caused the air space to fill with pus and fluid. (Courtesy of the CDC.)

Mulvihill, Zelman, Holdaway, Tompary, and Raymond Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, 6e Copyright ©2006 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of pneumonia. Return to Directory

Mulvihill, Zelman, Holdaway, Tompary, and Raymond Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, 6e Copyright ©2006 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Virus  Core genetic material (RNA or DNA) enclosed in a capsid  Does not independently grow, metabolize or reproduce  Carries out life processes by entering cells and directing energy, materials and organelles or by causing cells to lyse  Responsible for acute, and latent infections

Mulvihill, Zelman, Holdaway, Tompary, and Raymond Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, 6e Copyright ©2006 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Figure 3-3: Structure of an enveloped virus.

Mulvihill, Zelman, Holdaway, Tompary, and Raymond Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, 6e Copyright ©2006 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Table 3-2: Viral Pathogens and their Diseases.

Mulvihill, Zelman, Holdaway, Tompary, and Raymond Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, 6e Copyright ©2006 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Protozoa  Eukaryotic microorganisms  Larger than bacteria with complex internal structures  Classified as  Classified as amoeboids, flagellates, cilates, and sporozoans

Mulvihill, Zelman, Holdaway, Tompary, and Raymond Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, 6e Copyright ©2006 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Figure 3-4: The human hookworm lifecycle.

Mulvihill, Zelman, Holdaway, Tompary, and Raymond Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, 6e Copyright ©2006 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Fungi  Multicelled organisms  Contain polysaccharide – Chitin  Reproductive structures – spores  Cause disease by interfering with normal organ structure and function or by inflammation or allergy

Mulvihill, Zelman, Holdaway, Tompary, and Raymond Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, 6e Copyright ©2006 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Helminths  Roundworms, flatworms  Well developed reproductive systems  Complex lifecycle  Infections are called infestations

Mulvihill, Zelman, Holdaway, Tompary, and Raymond Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, 6e Copyright ©2006 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Roundworms  Round in cross section  Include: filarial (infect lymphatics), large (infect the intestines)  Examples: Ascaris, Enerobius

Mulvihill, Zelman, Holdaway, Tompary, and Raymond Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, 6e Copyright ©2006 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Flatworms  Flattened bodies examples: Schistosoma Taenia  Cause disease by using host nutrients or by feeding on host blood causing anemia and severe inflammatory responses

Mulvihill, Zelman, Holdaway, Tompary, and Raymond Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, 6e Copyright ©2006 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Arthropod Vectors  Ticks, mites, lice, flies, mosquitoes, and fleas  Transmit pathogenic microorganisms to humans  Example: plasmodium  Animals act as reservoirs – source of the pathogen; example: rabies

Mulvihill, Zelman, Holdaway, Tompary, and Raymond Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, 6e Copyright ©2006 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Epidemiology and Transmission  Epidemiology – study of transmission, occurrence, distribution, and control of disease  Horizontal transmission – infected human to susceptible human  Vertical transmission – infection from one generation to the next

Mulvihill, Zelman, Holdaway, Tompary, and Raymond Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, 6e Copyright ©2006 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Distribution and Frequency  Incidence – number of new cases  Prevalence – number of existing cases  Endemic – exists in low levels  Pandemic – infection spreads to large numbers  Outbreak – sudden occurrence in unexpected numbers within a limited area

Mulvihill, Zelman, Holdaway, Tompary, and Raymond Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, 6e Copyright ©2006 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Treatment  Antibacterials  Antivirals  Antifungals  Supportive care for inflammation, pain, and fever Treatment must be targeted and specific to avoid antimicrobial resistance

Mulvihill, Zelman, Holdaway, Tompary, and Raymond Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, 6e Copyright ©2006 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Antibiotics – Mechanism of Action  Target bacterial cell wall  Target cell membrane  Inhibit protein synthesis targets in bacterial machinery  Interfere with bacterial metabolism, DNA, and RNA synthesis

Mulvihill, Zelman, Holdaway, Tompary, and Raymond Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, 6e Copyright ©2006 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Click on the screenshot to view an animation showing penicillin. Return to Directory

Mulvihill, Zelman, Holdaway, Tompary, and Raymond Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, 6e Copyright ©2006 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Antivirals  Nucleic acid analogues mimic correct DNA or RNA bases.  Interfere with assembly of new virus particles within the cell or interfere with the attachment of viruses to host cells Reduces the number of viruses reproduced

Mulvihill, Zelman, Holdaway, Tompary, and Raymond Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, 6e Copyright ©2006 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Antifungals  Target cell walls and membranes  Affect human cells, therefore may be toxic

Mulvihill, Zelman, Holdaway, Tompary, and Raymond Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, 6e Copyright ©2006 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Antiprotozoals  Interfere with protein synthesis and metabolism  Sensitive to medications that paralyze protozoal muscles or interfere with carbohydrate metabolism  Resistant microorganisms evolve, rendering existing treatments useless

Mulvihill, Zelman, Holdaway, Tompary, and Raymond Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, 6e Copyright ©2006 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Vaccination  The presentation of antigens from a microorganism to provoke an immune response  Contain dead bacterial, extracted antigens, inactivated toxins, viral particles, or genetically engineered proteins  Have been used to eliminate disease

Mulvihill, Zelman, Holdaway, Tompary, and Raymond Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, 6e Copyright ©2006 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Table 3-3 Universally recommended vaccinations

Mulvihill, Zelman, Holdaway, Tompary, and Raymond Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, 6e Copyright ©2006 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Emerging Infectious Disease  Tuberculosis  Antibiotic resistance  Changes in climate, urbanization, crowding, increased incidence of chronic disease, fast world travel, disruption of social government structure

Mulvihill, Zelman, Holdaway, Tompary, and Raymond Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, 6e Copyright ©2006 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Click on the screenshot to view a video showing how to collect specimens. Return to Directory

Mulvihill, Zelman, Holdaway, Tompary, and Raymond Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, 6e Copyright ©2006 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of sanitation, disinfection, and sterilization. Return to Directory