EOG Review 2011

5 levels of organization Cells Tissue Organs Organ System Organisms

4 Charateristics of life Reproduce Organized Develop/Grow Respond to the environment

3 needs of life Energy-food Materials-clothes Living space-shelter

Cells Basic unit of life

Cell Theory (3 Parts) Every thing is made-up of 1 or more cells Cells carry out the functions needed to support life Cells come only from other living cells

Multicellular Organisms made-up of many cells

Unicellular Organisms made-up of only 1 cell

2 Broad Categories of Cells Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

Prokaryotic Cells (characteristics) Unicellular No nucleus No membrane-bound nucleus Example: bacteria

Eukaryotic (characteristics) Multicellular Some are single-celled ( protist) Nucleus A distinct membrane bound nucleus organelles Examples: Plants and Animals

Picture of Plant Cell

Picture of Animal Cell

Cell Division Cell Division occurs in all organisms, but performs different functions. Unicellular organisms reproduce cell division. In multicellular organisms, cell division is involved in growth, development,and repair, as well as in reproduction.

Cell Cycle Interphase : Is the part of the cell cycle during which a cell is not dividing. Much activity takes place in this phase of the cells life

Viruses Non-living Organisms Consist of a protein coat ( protection) capsid Examples: Chicken pox Smallpox AIDS Herpes Polio Common Cold Influenza

Picture of Viruses

Bacteria Shapes of Bacteria Coccus-Round Bacillus – Rod Spirillium- Spiral Images Coccus Bacillus Spirillium

Bacteria Bacteria are prokaryotic cells that can be harmful to the host in which it lives by reproducing and damaging tissue. When bacteria cause disease they are called pathogens

Helpful Bacteria Food Production Sewage Treatment Industrial chemical production Nitrogen Fixers Cleaning up the Environment Supply Vitamins we need in our intestines

Harmful Bacteria Strep throat Whooping cough Botulism Salmonella Ear Infections Bacterial Pneumonia

Immune System and Disease Diseases that spread from one person to another are called contagious diseases How diseases Spread Direct contact Indirect contact

Vectors and Carriers An animal that carries disease is called a vector Examples: Rats Mosquitoes Cats Ticks Dogs Fleas

Pictures of Vectors and Carriers Louse( Lice) Flea Mosquitoes Beetle

Vectors and Carriers Mosquitoes- malaria Ticks- Lyme Disease Tseste Fly- African Sleeping Sickness

What Do Bacteria and Viruses have in common ? The rate at which they multiply and reproduce.

Bacteria and Viruses Reproductive Potential Bacteria and viruses can grow in large numbers in a very short time frame. When cells divide, the cells made continue to divide Example: 1 cell becomes 2 2 cells become 4 4 cells become 8 8 cells become 16

Formula to predict number of Microbes N= N₀ x 2˚ N= number of microbes N˚= original population number n= number of generations Example: If an original population contained 50 bacteria, after 5 generations the final population would be ?

Antibodies Substances produced by our bodies which help us against diseases by attacking pathogens

Natural Immunity Natural immunity is what you are born with Example: sickle-cell anemia

Acquired Immunity Acquired Immuni ty is something that people get later in their lives

Vaccinations Introduction of a small amount of a pathogen into the body

How do you treat bacterial infections? Bacterial infections are treated with antibiotics Antibiotics: Drugs that kill harmful bacteria

How do you treat viral infections? Viral infections can be treated with anti-viral medications. These antiviral medications are not a cure for the viral disease but only help with the symptoms of the disease

Toxicity Toxicity: Potential negative effect on an organism

Exposure Exposure: The exposure is how frequently we have come into contact with a chemical

Dose Dose: The amount of a chemical we are exposed to.

Potency Potency is the strength /power of a chemical

Susceptibility Everyone has genetic differences except identical twins, that make some people more susceptible to getting sick from chemicals than other people