Moving from Civil Conflict to Civilized Conflict EXPERIENCES OF SOCIAL POLICY DEVELOPMENT AFTER POLITICAL VIOLENCE

Post-Conflict Social Policy Development  “We… had long prepared ourselves for the coming negotiations, but what we had not anticipated was the chaos of a country in transition… Every social system was under review. Old laws were being scrapped. New people were in charge everywhere… Who to speak to? What to say?... How to be heard at all amongst the hundreds of activist groups making demands and clamouring for influence?” - William Rowland, South African Disability Rights Activist (Rowland 2004: 17). Political, Social, & Economic factors

Immediate responses Long-term commitments Political Challenges citizen survival political survival economic development peace & stability international assistance

Economic Challenges Investments  Education & training  Demobilization  Employment opportunities  Repairing damaged infrastructure  Resuming health services  Addressing human rights violations Potential barriers  Taxation  Corruption or inefficiencies  Debt  Redistribution of resources (particularly military/security expenditure)  Limitations of international assistance

Challenges for civil society A disability movement should be:  Inclusive  Organised  Politically Aware Social movements: - Engage with opponents with conflicting ideas - Linked by dense informal networks - Shared identity (Della Porta & Diani 2006: 20)

MozambiqueSouth Africa Northern Ireland Population (2011) 23.9 million a 50.5 million a 1.8 million b Area a 801,590 km 2 1,221,037 km 2 13,843 km 2 Population density 29.9/km /km /km 2 Date of conflict 1975 – * – 1994 * apartheid began in – 1998 Estimated number of casualties from conflict Over 1 million (66,667 or 0.53% of population annually) 24,111* (1,722 or 0.007% of population annually) 3,601 (120 or 0.01% of population annually) Estimated number of people with disabilities (2009) 1.2 million/ 6% of population (2011) 2.8 million/ 6.3% of population (2007) 324,000/ 18% of population a)data.un.org; b)Northern Ireland Census; c)2012 Human Development Index; d)data.un.org; e)data.worldbank. org *death resulting from political violence Mozambique South Africa NI as part of UK Human Development Index rank c Life expectancy at birth c 50.7 years 53.4 years 80.3 years Population below poverty line ($1.25/day) c 59.6%53.4%n.a. Average number of births per woman (2011) d Average years of schooling (2012) c 1.2 years 8.5 years 9.4 years Gross National Income (2012) c total domestic & foreign output claimed by residents of a country $906/ £553 $9,594/ £5,850 $32,528/ £19,836 Urban population (2012) a 31%62%80% Population with access to electricity (2009) e 12%75%n.a.

What can we learn? Mozambique Conflicting ideas between international agencies and domestic priorities has slowed progress on collaborative policy development. There was strong cooperation between civil society and the disability rights movement. Northern Ireland Multi-party political structures are difficult to unify in relation to policy development and the competition for funding has kept a disability rights movement from forming. South Africa