THEME: The small but energetic radical abolitionist movement caused a fierce proslavery back-lash in the South and a slow but steady growth of moderate antislavery sentiment in the North

The South in the mid-1800’s is increasingly… Single Crop Plantation Economy (Cotton) Rural Segregated –black v. white –rich planters v. poor whites Oligarchic and Aristocratic Monopolistic Fearful of Northern interference & slave revolts

Abolitionism BEFORE 1820 antislavery societies are more numerous in the antebellum South. Slave revolts end Southern toleration of abolition Congress forbids use of mail to send abolitionist material through the mail House of Reps passes the “gag rule,” John Quincy Adams defeats this in court after 8 yrs. South advances theory that slavery “civilizes” Africans, compares slave’s quality of life to “wage slaves” in the North Northern abolitionists begin to call for emancipation – freeing of all slaves – not just banning slavery in the North

David Walker Free black from North Carolina Urged slaves to rise up and revolt for their freedom. Found dead outside of his printing office “Southern slave masters hated Walker and put a price on his head. In 1829, 50 unsolicited copies of Walker's Appeal were delivered to a black minister in Savannah, Ga. The frightened minister, understandably concerned for his welfare, informed the police. The police, in turn, informed the governor of Georgia. As a result, the state legislature met in secret session and passed a bill making the circulation of materials that might incite slaves to riot a capital offense. The legislature also offered a reward for Walker's capture, $10,000 alive and $1,000 dead.”

Frederick Douglass ( ) “I have been frequently asked how I felt when I found myself in a free state….It was a moment of the highest excitement I ever experienced…. This state of mind, however, very soon subsided; and I was again seized with a feeling of great insecurity and loneliness. I was yet liable to be taken back, and subjected to all the tortures of slavery. This in itself was enough to damp the ardor of my enthusiasm.” Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass,

William Lloyd Garrison ( ) “ I am earnest – I will not equivocate – I will not excuse – I will not retreat a single inch – and I will be heard.” (The Liberator, 1831)

COMPARE AND CONTRAST GARRISON F. DOUGLASS DAVID WALKER

Life of a Slave Slaves are increasingly valuable ($1800 by 1860) Slaves are increasingly sold “down the river” from soil- depleted areas. Auctions separate families. Slaves have no civil or political rights Victimized by owners and white society Beatings not uncommon Slaves manage to preserve family bonds, culture, and faith NOTE: Though increasingly rare, there were free blacks in the South. 250,000 by 1860.

The Land of the Free and the Home of the Brave by Henry Byam Martin, 1833 White southerners could not escape the fact that much of the Western world loathed their "peculiar institution." In 1833, when a Canadian sketched this Charleston slave auction, Britain abolished slavery in the West Indies. (National Archives of Canada) The Land of the Free and the Home of the Brave by Henry Byam Martin, 1833 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Torture Mask, woodcut, 1807 The laws of southern states had long stipulated that masters could use whatever means they deemed necessary to prevent slave runaways and insolence. In the early 1800s, some planters adopted this so-called restraining mask to punish slaves. (Library of Congress) Torture Mask, woodcut, 1807 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Map: The Internal Slave Trade, Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

American Anti-Slavery Almanac, 1840 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

COMPARE AND CONTRAST FREE BLACK URBAN SLAVES RURAL SLAVES

Map: Cotton Production in the South Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Map: Cotton Agriculture and Slave Population Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Slave Revolts and Resistance Slaves resist through sabotage and slowdowns 1800: Gabriel leads revolt in Richmond 1822: Denmark Vessey leads rebellion in Charleston 1831: Nat Turner leads revolt in Virginia. Turner and 50 followers attack 4 plantations and kill 50 whites. All Revolts are suppressed quickly and violently. ALSO, the Underground Railroad is a sign of resistance. Example: Marylander Harriet Tubman leads more than 300 to freedom.

Nat Turner, artist unknown No pictures of famed slave revolt leader Nat Turner are known to exist, but this nineteenth-century painting illustrates how one artist imagined the appearance of Turner and his fellow conspirators. White southerners lived in terror of scenes such as this and passed severe laws designed to prevent African Americans from ever having such meetings. (Granger Collection) Nat Turner, artist unknown Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

What were some of the restrictions passed in the South as a reaction to slave revolts? (pp )

REVIEW FOR THE TEST Vocab Timeline –War of 1812 –Industrialization –Presidential Elections/Succession MAP –Rush-Bagot –Adams-Onis –Missouri Compromise –49 th Parallel Essay –Causes and Effects of Industrialization –Major characteristics of Dem & Whigs, Controversies of Jackson Era –Causes and Effects of War of 1812 –Compare and Contrast Abolitionists –Compare and Contrast Free Blacks, rural slavery, and urban slavery