The History, Scope and Structure of the United States Criminal Justice System

U.S. Criminal Justice System History Early Foundations: 4 Kin Policing System 4 Code of Hammurabi 4 Justinian Code 700 BC 4 Watch & Ward 1285 AD 4 American Colonies - Decentralization - Puritanism - “The Watch” Boston Sir Robert Peel - England 1829

Criminal Justice in America Presented to the CJ 694 – Comparative Systems By Dr. Richard H. Ward Criminal Justice Center Sam Houston State University

U.S. Criminal Justice System Entry into System

U.S. Criminal Justice System History United States: 4 First U.S. PD established in Philadelphia First State Police 1835 Texas Rangers

U.S. Criminal Justice System History United States: 4 First U.S. PD established in Philadelphia First State Police 1835 Texas Rangers 4 LAPD established 1877

U.S. Criminal Justice System History United States: 4 First U.S. PD established in Philadelphia First State Police 1835 Texas Rangers 4 LAPD established ISP established First Police Academy in San Francisco 1636

U.S. Criminal Justice System History Three Eras in American Policing: 4 Political Era 1840 to 1920

U.S. Criminal Justice System History Three Eras in American Policing: 4 Political Era 1840 to Professional Era 1920 to 1970

U.S. Criminal Justice System History Three Eras in American Policing: 4 Political Era 1840 to Professional Era 1920 to Community Era

U.S. Criminal Justice System History American Policing Today: 4 18,760 police agencies 4 796,518 sworn officers 4 200,000 civilians 4 budgets total $51 billion 4 10 million arrests per year

U.S. Criminal Justice System Characteristics of Law Enforcement Agencies 4 76% of U.S police agencies employ fewer than 100 sworn officers 4 23% employ 100 to 1,000 officers 4 Only 1% of the nation’s police departments employ over 1,000 officers 1% 23% 76%

U.S. Criminal Justice System Characteristics of Law Enforcement Agencies

U.S. Criminal Justice System Specialized Law Enforcement Agencies Federal: 4 Federal Bureau of Investigation 4 Drug Enforcement Administration 4 Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco & Firearms 4 U.S. Secret Service 4 Postal Inspection State & Local: 4 Housing Police 4 Transit Police 4 School District Police 4 Port Authority Police 4 Fish & Wildlife 4 Water Reclamation

U.S. Criminal Justice System Prosecution and Adjudication

U.S. Criminal Justice System Historical Roots 4 English Common Law 4 Adversarial System - District Attorney - Public Defender 4 State Sovereignty 4 Adoption of the U.S. Constitution in 1789 imposed federal on top of local system

U.S. Criminal Justice System Historical Roots Rights protected by the U.S Constitution: 4 Right to Due Process 4 Right to Counsel 4 Right Confront Witnesses 4 Right to a Speedy Trial 4 Right Against Self-Incrimination 4 Right Against Unreasonable Search & Seizure

U.S. Criminal Justice System Structure of the Legal System

U.S. Criminal Justice System Corrections

U.S. Criminal Justice System History of Corrections Colonial Period: 4 Public Humiliation 4 Mutilation & Branding 4 Imprisonment - those awaiting trail - debtors - vagrants 4 County Houses of Correction established - Massachusetts Bay Pennsylvania 1682

U.S. Criminal Justice System History of Corrections Public Flogging circa 1776

U.S. Criminal Justice System History of Corrections County Work House circa 1776

U.S. Criminal Justice System History of Corrections Colonial Debtors Prison circa 1

U.S. Criminal Justice System History of Corrections 18th & 19th Century: 4 Theocracy weakened 4 Less emphasis on public humiliation 4 Prisons became centerpiece of system 4 State Penitentiaries established in - Pennsylvania Massachusetts 1805 Walnut Street Jail was the first facility used as a penitentiary circa 1776

U.S. Criminal Justice System History of Corrections Newgate Prison circa 1776

U.S. Criminal Justice System Scope of Corrections Today Costs of Incarceration: 4 $25,000 per inmate per year 4 $69,000 per elderly inmate 4 life term = $1.5 million 4 new cell = $100,000

U.S. Criminal Justice System Scope of Corrections Today Prison population: 4 2 million people incarcerated million on parole or probation 4 Over 6.5 million, or 3% of the population under supervision of criminal justice system 4 11 million people are “booked” each year (admitted to a locked facility)

U.S. Criminal Justice System Structure of Corrections

U.S. Criminal Justice System Prison Population

U.S. Criminal Justice System Size & Scope American adults touched by criminal justice system on any given day… 4 1 in 142 incarcerated 4 1 in 38 under correctional supervision 4 1 in 28 admitted to jail in course of a year 4 Police maintain 50 million criminal records

U.S. Criminal Justice System Alternatives to Incarceration 4 Probation 4 Intensive Probation 4 Day Reporting Centers 4 Halfway Houses 4 Boot Camps 4 Fines & Restitution 4 Community Service 4 Home Detention

U.S. Criminal Justice System Crime Trends: Offenses

U.S. Criminal Justice System Crime Trends: Two Reporting Structures

U.S. Criminal Justice System Crime Trends: Number of Offenses in millions Total Crime is down 12 % from its peak in 1991

U.S. Criminal Justice System Crime Trends: Number of Offenses in millions Assault 8% Burglary 19.4% Motor Vehicle Theft 11%

U.S. Criminal Justice System Crime Trends: Number of Homicides per Year Homicides down 27% from peak of 24,700 murders in 1991

U.S. Criminal Justice System Crime Rate versus Other Countries Except for murder, victimization rates in the U.S. are in line with other developed countries

U.S. Criminal Justice System Crime Trends: Number of Offenses in millions Juvenile Crime is increasing at an alarming rate...

U.S. Criminal Justice System Crime Trends: Number of Offenses in millions 4 Juvenile Crime is increasing at an alarming rate...

U.S. Criminal Justice System Juvenile Arrests as % of Total, by Crime

U.S. Criminal Justice System Scope of System Today Costs of Crime: 4 $50 billion per year in lost revenue 4 $5 billion in health care costs 4 $65 billion spent on private security

U.S. Criminal Justice System Crime Trends For the last several years we have seen a dramatic decrease in crime throughout the Country… Some Reasons Why: 4 community policing strategies - more cops on the street - problem solving approach 4 increase in prison population (3 strikes) 4 demographic shift (less juveniles)

U.S. Criminal Justice System Community Policing An Alternative Policing Strategy... 4 Addresses underlying conditions that create crime 4 Requires officers to draw on wide range of resources 4 Pushes decision making down through the ranks 4 Emphasizes problem solving approach 4 Recognizes expertise of line officers 4 Greater public involvement

U.S. Criminal Justice System Community Policing Case Study - Joliet, IL: After Year I... 4 Homicide down 25% 4 Part I crimes down 10% 4 All other crime down 5% “community involvement led directly to major drug and gang related arrests…”

U.S. Criminal Justice System Privatization Growing fear of crime and dissatisfaction with municipal enforcement prompted upsurge in private security… 4 Consumers and businesses spend $65 billion per year on private security 4 By the year 2000 there will be 3 private security officers for every 1 sworn police officer

U.S. Criminal Justice System Technology High-Tech Crime Fighting: 4 DNA Typing 4 AFIS 4 Crime Analysis 4 Surveillance 4 LoJack Systems 4 GPS Technology 4 Video-equipped Cars 4 Electronic Monitoring

U.S. Criminal Justice System International Cooperation