© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. Hardware Designed to Meet the Need The Digital Revolution Integrated Circuits and Processing Storage Input, Output, and Expansion Buying a Computer Please turn your cell phone off.

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. The Digital Revolution

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. The Digital Revolution Digital Camera Digital Video (DVD) Digital PCS Cell Phone Digital Convergence The Digital Divide DIGITAL TV DIGITAL DIGITAL THEATERS DIGITAL RADIO DIGITAL What’s all this fuss about digital?!

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. The Digital Revolution What’s all this fuss about digital?!

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. The Bit (binary digit) The 1’s and 0’s that allow us to represent, store, and manipulate data the smallest unit of data in a digital electronics device

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. Bits can be stored  Electrically: an electronic charge held in a capacitor – like a light bulb it can be switched on and off.  Magnetically: magnetically charged particles on the surface of a disk  Optically: pits burned into the surface of a disk and read with a laser. The Bit

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. How can a bit (an on-off switch) hold useful data and information? Information can be assigned to the two states of the bit:  On =  Off = The Bit

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. 00 = 01 = 10 = 11 = How many units of information could be stored using 2 bits? The Bit

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. 000 = 001 = 010 = 011 = How many units of information could be stored using 3 bits? 100 = 101 = 110 = 111 = The Bit

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. # of BitsUnits of Info ? How about 4 bits? The Bit

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. # of BitsUnits of Info General Rule: 2 bits = units of info General Rule: 2 bits = units of info 8 Bits = a Byte The Bit

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. Byte = 8 bits Kilobytes = 1,000 Bytes (2 10 ) Megabytes = Million Bytes (2 20 ) Gigabytes = Billion Bytes (2 30 ) Terabytes = Trillion Bytes (2 40 ) Petabytes = Quadrillion Bytes (2 50 ) Bits & Bytes

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. Bytes can represent any collection of items using a “look-up table” approach ASCII is used to represent characters Bit & Bytes Some of the ASCII characters ASCII Code CharCharacter Name [Left Bracket \Backward Slash ]Right Bracket ^Caret _Underscore `Back Quote aLower-case A bLower-case B cLower-case C dLower-case D eLower-case E fLower-case F gLower-case G hLower-case H ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved.

Bytes can also represent “values” using the binary number system Bit & Bytes Binary Counter DecimalBinary

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. Bit & Bytes Binary Counter

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. Digitizing Sound A sound wave is “sampled” at predefined time intervals (sampling rate) the amplitude for each sample is stored as a binary number.

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. Digitizing Sound Digital Music File amplitude Microseconds (ms) 1. An analog sound wave is… “sampled” at regular time slice, and stored as a sequence of numeric values… (30,-10,-28,-4,20,…) Analogue: any fluctuating, evolving, or continually changing process or signal Oscillograph

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. Digitizing Pictures & Video Images are made up of pixels whose colors are stored using binary numbers.

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. Digitizing Pictures & Video Pixel colors in byte code 2. Image super zoomed1. Image at proper resolution Colormap Tool Colors are represented as varying intensities of combinations of Red, Green, and Blue (RGB ) 3 bytes (one for each of RGB) can represent over 16 million colors Often times the Hexidecimal number system is used to represent colors. Hex uses values A B C D E F

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. The Value of Going Digital Anything that can be expressed through words, numbers, sounds, or pictures can be digitized. Digital information is easy to manipulate. Digital information is easy to copy and transfer. Digital information is long lasting. Digitization standardizes the format of all different types of data and information leading to…

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. Digital Convergence Digital Convergence is the trend to merge multiple digital services into one device.

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. Why Study Hardware Components? Consider PC Choices…

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. Which is best for you? Why?

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. Which is best for you? Why? $699

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. Which is best for you? Why?

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. Key Components Processor Memory Storage Networking Battery Life OS Display Removable Storage CD-R/DVD

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. Computer Hardware: Processors

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. Integrated Circuit An Integrated Circuit (chip) combines transistors and capacitors in a tiny module to store and process bits and bytes in today’s digital electronic devices.

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. The Central Processing Unit The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is an integrated circuit (or microprocessor) that performs the processing in today’s personal computers and other digital devices. Over 100 Million Transistors

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. Pentium 4 Die photo of the Intel® Pentium® 4 Processor built on 90nm technology

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. Chicago, IL Satellite image of Chicago Which is more complex?

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. CPU Components Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): contains the circuitry to carry out the instructions in the processors instruction set. Control Unit: sequentially accesses program instructions, decodes them, and coordinates the flow of data throughout the system. Registers: hold the data and instructions currently being processed (~300 bytes). System Clock: provides a steady clock signal used to synchronize activities within the processor. Measured in GHz (billions of cycles per second) Cache Memory: Fast access memory for instructions and data soon to be needed (1-2MB).

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. The Motherboard The motherboard houses the digital devices circuitry including the microprocessor and memory.

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. Processing The microprocessor accesses instructions stored in memory over the system bus.

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. Processing – The Machine Cycle Central Processing Unit Control Unit ALU Registers Memory 1.Fetch 2.Decode3.Execute 4.Store The Machine Cycle The four stages of the machine cycle are (1) fetch the instruction from memory, (2) decode and (3) execute the instruction, then (4) store the results.

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. Hard Disk Drive 2. OS Loaded The operating system is loaded from disk to RAM and takes over control of the system. Programs and data files are loaded from disk to RAM as launched and requested. Files are saved to disk for permanent storage Central Processing Unit Control Unit ALU Registers Cache Memory 1.Fetch 2.Decode3.Execute 4.Store R A M ROM 4. Machine Cycle is continuously transferring instructions from cache to registers for processing 1. POWER UP CPU gets instructions from ROM that checks out the components and loads the OS Boot Process 3. Cache is Continuously Refreshed with instructions and data that will soon be needed while processed data is returned to RAM Frontside Bus (FSB)

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. Contributors to CPU Speed Clock Speed – measured in Gigahertz (GHz), billions of cycles per second Architecture  Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC)  Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) Wordlength – how many bits can be processed at a time (32 or 64) Cache size – 512 KB – 2 MB Front Side Bus Speed (FSB) – MHz

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. PC vs. Mac Pentium 4Apple’s G5 ArchitectureCISCRISC Wordlength32 bits64 bits Clock speed3.6 GHz2 GHz Cache size2 MB512 KB FSB800 MHz1.35 GHz System Price$999 (Dell)$1499 (iMac G5) Apple’s recent switch to Pentium Duo Processors will reduce the difference between PC and Apple Architecture. Apple’s recent switch to Pentium Duo Processors will reduce the difference between PC and Apple Architecture.

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. Which processor is best? Truest Measures of Performance  MIPS – millions of instructions per second  Gigaflops – billions of floating point operations per second. Different instructions take differing amounts of clock cycles. Apple’s processors are designed to process media very quickly.  G4 Processor powers notebooks and low end desktops  G5 Processor powers iMac and Power Mac 

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. Intel Desktop Processors Dual Core Demo Intel Desktop ProcessorActivities Celeron D Word Processing, Spreadsheets, , Static Web Content, digital photos Pentium 4 All the above + DVD movies, videos, basic games, better support for multitasking Pentium 4 HT Hyperthreading provides better performance in video, media, and multitasking Pentium D Dual core processing better performance for power users, multiple displays, serious gamers Pentium Extreme Dual core with Hyperthreading for maximum performance. New!

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. Intel Notebook & AMD Intel Notebook ProcessorActivities Celeron M Word Processing, Spreadsheets, , Static Web Content, digital photos Pentium M High performance, at low clock speed, long battery life, packaged with Centrino for wireless networking. Core Duo Processor Dual core processing for notebooks - the latest and fastest! AMD Processors deliver 64 bit computing to Windows PCs (desktop and notebook) at a lower price than Pentium 32 bit processors. AMD Processors Centrino Centrino is a MUST! wireless networking improved performance and battery life C e n t r i n o i s a M U S T ! w i r e l e s s n e t w o r k i n g i m p r o v e d p e r f o r m a n c e a n d b a t t e r y l i f e

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. Which system is best? Seek the opinions of friends and professional colleagues Benchmark: a side-by-side evaluation of competing product’s performance.

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. Moore’s Law the number of transistors per square inch on integrated circuits will doubled every 18 months The next big thing: Dual-core processors Dual-core processors

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. Review Questions

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. Computer Hardware: Storage

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. Random Access Memory RAM (primary storage): Volatile memory that stores currently running software: OS and apps, and data in addressed cells. 256 MB Standard, 512 MB recommended RAM SIMM: Single In-line Memory Module is inserted in slots in the Motherboard

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. Other Types of Memory Cache Memory: Fast access storage on the processor Video RAM: Included on video card for faster video display ROM: Stores the boot process instruction that start the computer and load the OS from hard drive into RAM

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. Secondary Storage Storage Method Sequential Access Direct Access 23 Storage Media Type Magnetic Optical Tape Drive HP’s DVD+RW Iomega’s ZIP Drive

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. Hard Drives (Random Access) & Tapes (Sequential Access) DeviceCapacityPrice per GB Internal Hard Drive20 GB – 250 GB< $0.75 Tapes20 GB – 250 GB< $ GB HD Min Recommended

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. Portable Disk Storage 24 Assume that you have 4 GB’s of data to store DeviceCapacityPrice per disk Disks Needed Total Cost Floppy Disk1.44 MB$0.252,778$694 ZIP Disk250 MB$ $160 CD-RW650 MB$0.758$6 DVD+RW4.7 GB$0.99< 1$0.99

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. Deciphering RW CD-RW has become the standard writable CDs For DVD’s go with ± RW (multiformat)

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. Other Portable Storage 24 DeviceCapacityPrice per GB USB Flash Drive16 MB - 8 GB$90 Flash Memory Card16 MB - 1 GB$130 Micro Drive Card2 GB – 4 GB$80 Flash memory is used for easy and fast information storage in such devices as digital cameras, and other handheld digital devices. It is used more as a hard drive than as RAM. Flash memory is considered a solid state storage device. Solid state means that there are no moving parts -- everything is electronic instead of mechanical. Check out Toshiba’s Small 60GB HD Toshiba’s Small 60GB HD

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. Network Storage Local file storage for groups on a network.   200GB $250 +$90 Local file storage accessible from any Internet-connected computer   120GB $500 Internet file storage  (5GB $10/month)  (30MB Free)

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. Storage Criteria Storage media is chosen based on  Cost per MB  Capacity  Portability  Durability  Security  Network Accessibility

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. RAM CPU Regusters cache ROM VRAM Hard Drive Tape Magnetic Storage CD DVD Optical Storage USB network Storage Review

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. Review Questions

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. Computer Hardware: Input, Output, & Expansion

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. I/O Considerations Speed and Functionality Human vs. Machine Readable Data Source Data Automation

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. Input Devices Keyboard, Mouse, Trackball Touch screen, stylus, kiosks Microphone, speech recognition Gamepad, other game- centered devices Digital cameras Scanning devices

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. Output Devices Displays of all kinds Printers and Plotters Sound Systems Display Resolution: The amount of pixels on the display.

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. IBM’s Flexible Display (in development) ewsArticle.jhtml?type= technologyNews&stor yID= &src=e Dialog/GetContent

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. The Free2C 3D Kioskhttp://

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. New forms of I/O. Microsoft’s surface computing project use combinations of sensors, cameras and projectors to turn various surfaces, such as kitchen tables, desks, counters, or walls into computing interfaces.

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. USB Universal Serial Bus (USB): Standardizes the way peripherals connect to PCs.

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. Review Questions

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. Computer Shopping

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. Choosing a Computer Portability vs. Power  Notebook vs. Desktop Interoperability  What kind of computer will interact best with systems used at work and by friends? Choosing a Platform  PC vs. Apple Choosing a Manufacturer and Model  Dell vs. HP Choosing Features, Peripherals, and Warranty  Making the Purchase  On-line vs. In store

© 2004 Ken Baldauf, All rights reserved. Questions? Don’t forget to turn your phone back on!!