Computer Hardware Mr. Richard Orr Technology Teacher Bednarcik Jr. High School

Motherboard  Most important part of the Personal Computer Everything is directly or indirectly connected to it Everything is directly or indirectly connected to it  Also called System Boards  Released in Two Forms AT – Advanced Technology AT – Advanced Technology ATX – AT Extended ATX – AT Extended

AT Motherboard  Introduced in Mid 1980’s  Only one connector port Keyboard Keyboard  Other components connected through serial or expansion slots

ATX Motherboard  Introduced in Mid 1990’s  Several built in connector ports  IDE or SATA Hard Drive, CD, and DVD Hard Drive, CD, and DVD  Bus Expansion Slots Video, Sound, Modem, and Ethernet Cards Video, Sound, Modem, and Ethernet Cards  Processor Socket Intel or AMD Intel or AMD  Memory Slots

Connector Ports

The Expansion Bus  Pathway for all communication between CPU and components  Four common architectures ISA ISA PCI PCI AGP AGP USB USB encyclozine.com/Computer/Hardware/bus.gif

Bus Architectures  ISA (Industry Standard Architecture) Older, but still found Older, but still found  PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) Very popular Very popular Small white slots Small white slots Used for Sound, modem, and Network Interface Cards Used for Sound, modem, and Network Interface Cards

Bus Architectures Cont.  AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) Reserved for Video Card Reserved for Video Card Usually brown and same size as a PCI slot Usually brown and same size as a PCI slot Allows for intense multimedia graphics Allows for intense multimedia graphics Streaming video and 3-D graphicsStreaming video and 3-D graphics  USB (Universal Serial Bus) On most computers today, front or back On most computers today, front or back Allows users to “hot-swap” devices Allows users to “hot-swap” devices Used to connect Keyboards, mice, digital web cameras, joysticks, scanners, and printers Used to connect Keyboards, mice, digital web cameras, joysticks, scanners, and printers

Power Supply  Converts AC input to lower DC voltages 3.3 and 5 volts – digital circuits 3.3 and 5 volts – digital circuits 12 volts – disk drives and fans 12 volts – disk drives and fans  Turn power on with a push button, off from menu option  Has a built in cooling fan  Must be compatible with the Motherboard  Never open or try to repair a power supply

Power Supply

Central Processing Unit  The brains of the computer  2 Major Manufacturers Intel – Celeron, Pentium, Core 2 Duo Intel – Celeron, Pentium, Core 2 Duo AMD – Sempron, Athlon 64 AMD – Sempron, Athlon

What Does the CPU Do 1. ALU – Arithmetic/Logic Unit  Performs mathematical operations 2. Moves data from one memory location to another 3. Make decisions and jump to new set of instructions based on those decisions.

Parts of the CPU  Address bus that sends an address to memory  A data bus that can send data to memory or receive data from memory  An RD (read) and WR (write) line to tell the memory whether it wants to set or get the addressed location  A clock line that lets a clock pulse sequence the processor  A reset line that resets the program counter to zero (or whatever) and restarts execution

When Buying Consider  Clock Speed Measured in Clock Cycles per Second Measured in Clock Cycles per Second  FSB (Front Side Bus) Speed Speed at which they connect to the motherboard Speed at which they connect to the motherboard  Socket Type Intel – LGA 775 or Socket T Intel – LGA 775 or Socket T AMD – AM2 AMD – AM2  64 Bit support, Dual Core, Cache Size

Memory  Any form of electronic storage  Types: RAM – Random Access Memory RAM – Random Access Memory ROM – Read Only Memory ROM – Read Only Memory BIOS – Basic Input/Output System BIOS – Basic Input/Output System Cache – Data is stored within the CPU for very quick access Cache – Data is stored within the CPU for very quick access Virtual Storage – Temporary storage on hard drive to hold RAM overflow Virtual Storage – Temporary storage on hard drive to hold RAM overflow Hard Drive – Permanent storage of data Hard Drive – Permanent storage of data

Hierarchy of Memory

Memory Management CPUCacheRAMV. M.Disk Storage V. M. – Virtual Memory

RAM  Adding RAM quickest and easiest way to speed up your computer  SomeTypes of RAM SIMM SIMM DIMM DIMM SODIMM SODIMM

SIMM  Single In-line Memory Module  Early versions – 30 pin, 3.5 by 0.75 inches, up to 8mb  Newer versions – 72 pin, 4.25 by 1 inch, up to 256MB  Need to be installed in pairs

DIMM  Dual In-line Memory Module  168 or 184 pin, 5.25 by 1 inch  8MB to 1GB  Can be installed singly

SODIMM  For some notebook computers and Apple IMac  Other notebooks may use proprietory RAM  144 or 200 pins, 2 by 1 inch  16MB to 1GB

How to Install RAM  ram-video.htm ram-video.htm ram-video.htm