SUBURBANIZATION

1. Central business district (CBD) ▪ Retail/business services in the CBD ▪ High land costs in the CBD 2. Suburbanization of business ▪ Retail stores ▪ Some light-factories & offices

1. 3 types of retail services concentrate in the center: - shops with a high threshold - shops with a long range - people who work in the center

1. extreme competition for limited space (land shortage) 2. land value extremely high 1. Tokyo commercial space: 170,645/square meter 3. in CBD: intensive land use

1. Overcrowded, expensive, crime-ridden 2. “filtering”: large expensive older houses subdivided for low-income families 3. “White Flight”: process of higher income whites moving out of crowded city center to suburbs 4. Creation of inner city low- income public housing

Chicago N.Y. Liberty Square, Miami a.k.a “Pork & Beans” Projects

- although illegal, some banks identified areas they refused to loan money

1. Past 40 years: massive changes in U.S. cities  suburbanization has created downtowns empty of economic vitality (ex: Detroit) 2. Relocation of office towers in or near suburbia

Most shopping malls in Atlanta and other cities are in the suburbs. The ideal location is near an interchange on an interstate highway beltway circling the city.

1. At National level: policies have contributed to decentralization & suburbanization ▪ Federal Highway Act of 1916 ▪ Federal Housing Administration (1934)… FHA 30-year mortgage! ▪ Housing Act of 1937 (Public Housing) ▪ GI Bill of 1944… ▪ Interstate Highway Act of 1956 * All led to… “BABY BOOM”

 Streetcars  Subways  Trains  Public buses  Automobiles  Highways

1. Shopping Malls -off highway exits -near middle class 2. Office Parks -relocated closer to suburbs 3. Master-planned communities -gated private communities 4. “Edge Cities” 5. “Exurbs”

Weston in Broward County: ▪ Covers approximately ten thousand acres ▪ Land use is completely regulated within gated area ▪ Shrubbery is planted to shield residents from roadway view ▪ Signs are uniform in style

1. Many “sleeping suburbs” transformed into smaller urban centers on the edge 2. Most Americans now live & work in “edge cities”

gentrification: gentrification: the movement of middle class people into deteriorated areas of city centers  begins in inner-city, rundown  caused by lower property values in inner city now more affordable than suburbs  i.e. Wynwood Urban “revitalization”/”renewal”:  Some once rotting downtown waterfronts are “renewing”

Commuters at Maplewood, NJMaplewood, NJ

Exurb Exurb : outside the a major metropolitan area, but within its “commutershed”

 Arizona: Chandler, Gilbert, Glendale, Mesa, Peoria, Scottsdale, TempeChandlerGilbertGlendaleMesaPeoria ScottsdaleTempe  California: Anaheim, Chula Vista, Corona, Costa Mesa, Elk Grove, Escondido, Fontana, Fremont, Fullerton, Irvine, Lancaster, Moreno Valley, Oceanside, Ontario, Orange, Oxnard, Rancho Cucamonga, Riverside, San Bernardino, Santa Ana, Santa Rosa, Simi Valley, SunnyvaleAnaheimChula VistaCoronaCosta MesaElk GroveEscondidoFontanaFremontFullertonIrvine LancasterMoreno ValleyOceansideOntarioOrange OxnardRancho CucamongaRiversideSan Bernardino Santa AnaSanta RosaSimi ValleySunnyvale  Colorado: Aurora, Lakewood, WestminsterAuroraLakewoodWestminster  Florida: Clearwater, Coral Springs, Hialeah, Pembroke Pines  Illinois: Aurora, Elgin, Joliet, NapervilleAuroraElginJolietNaperville  Nevada: Henderson, North Las VegasHendersonNorth Las Vegas  Oregon: SalemSalem  Texas: Arlington, Carrollton, Garland, Grand Prairie, Irving, Mesquite, PlanoArlingtonCarrolltonGarlandGrand PrairieIrving MesquitePlano  Virginia: ChesapeakeChesapeake  Washington: BellevueBellevue