Humanitarian Assistance in Peacekeeping Operations Roy Brennen Center of Excellence

Objectives Provide overview of the “NGO community” Provide insight into NGO planning process and program cycles. Identify selected coordination mechanisms.

Basic UN-Sanctioned Mission Structure UN Administration Component Humanitarian Component UN Civil Affairs and/or Electoral Component UN Military Observer Component UN Civilian Police Component Deputy SRSG Special Representative of the Secretary-General (SRSG) UN Human Rights Component Multi-National Force MNF National Authorities

The “NGO Community” 1 Source: The Commonwealth Foundation, February,1996 Broad Definition: Every organization in society which is not part of government, and which operates in civil society 1 Diversity: Size Operating Styles Geographic Focus Religious background Programmatic Orientation 2 UN Agencies and the Red Cross are not NGOs! 2 Source: Paula Hoy, Players and Issues in International Aid, 1998

NGO Types no strict categories – often based on programmatic/regional focus Development –Working for long-term goals and capacity building of host nation institutions Disaster Relief –Attempt actions to be “A-political”…less inclination to “speak out” –Operate on principle that food/relief are “above the battle” Advocacy –Press international community for action on particular issues Indigenous/Grass-roots (National NGOs) –Many are implementing partners for Int’l NGOs during disasters –Knowledge of local situation/actors Human Rights Organizations –Speak out policy: Monitor actions of politicians, military, police, other organizations, etc. Religious Organizations

Guiding Humanitarian Principles Voluntary IMPARTIALITY: Aid is given regardless of race, creed or nationality NEUTRALITY: Aid will not be used to further a particular political or religious standpoint INDEPENDENCE: Humanity Unity Universality

The growth of NGOs In 1909 were just 176 international NGOs worldwide. In 1996…the number was 38,243. Since US Foreign Assistance Act (1974), the number of international NGOs has increased 515% In the single decade , the number of NGOs increased by 78%. Source: The Nonprofit Piece of the Global Puzzle, Susan Raymond, Ph.D., 10/15/01

NGO Program Planning Cycle & Timeframe On-set or escalation of humanitarian concern Initial response and assessment Assessment analysis & proposal development Shopping –Donors – internal or external & the color of money –Materials – internal or external –Staff – internal or external Implementation Re-assessment

NGO funding sources Restricted Funding Government Donors: Give with humanitarian objectives in mind but may be constrained by other political/policy issues AusAID, ECHO, JICA, USAID, Bi-lateral, etc View NGOs as critical partners in aid delivery Identify gaps in humanitarian response and target aid to fill gaps Will have some form of accountability mechanism Implementing partners of UN Agencies Foundations Unrestricted Funding Individuals/general public Effect of donor fatigue and/or lack of strategic interest on NGO operations?

NGO Coordination Will typically have their own structure separate from UN coordination –Strategic level coordination IASC, Interaction, ICVA, ACFOA, VOICE, etc. –Country level Region/country specific coordination bodies (ACBAR, BAAG) –Operational/tactical level, typically coordinate around sectoral or functional areas, i.e. Health, Wat/San, Food/Nutrition, Non-food, Shelter, etc. Some by policy will not collaborate with uniformed/armed military VOLUNTARY, CONSENSUS BASED and often PERSONALITY DRIVEN

Sectoral Coordination Humanitarian Assistance address people’s most basic needs and is delivered according to universal humanitarian principles: –Health Services: medical care, medicine, training & education –Food: Food distribution and food security –Non-Food Items: pots, pans, soap, blankets, tarpaulins –Shelter: tents, site planning, collective centers –Water & Sanitation: facility repair & construction –Education: buildings, textbooks, desks, teacher training –Infrastructure repair: buildings, road, bridges

UN Civil-Military Coordination: Military support to humanitarian actors are managed through special Civil-Military Coordination (CMCoord) mechanisms established for this purpose. Guidelines for the use of Military Civil Defense Assets (MCDA): Guidelines for the Use of Military-Civil Defense Assets during Natural Disasters (1994 Oslo Guidelines) Guidelines for the Use of Military-Civil Defense Assets in Complex Emergencies (2003) Afghan-specific (2001) Iraq-specific (2003, more comprehensive)

Types of Military Support Direct Assistance is the face-to-face distribution of goods and services. Indirect Assistance is at least one step removed from the population and involves such activities as transporting relief goods or relief personnel. Infrastructure Support involves providing general services, such as road repair, airspace management and power generation that facilitate relief, but are not necessarily visible to or solely for the benefit of the affected population. Security, Security, Security Guidelines for the Use of Military-Civil Defense Assets in Complex Emergencies (2003)

Military Civic Action and support to Civilian Humanitarian Operations

NGO ICRC Affected Country Requirements THE FOG OF RELIEF: International Relationships During Disasters Donor DONOR NGO DONOR NG O NGO NGO UNHCR WFP Red Cross/ Crescent UNICEF Private Donors NGO UN Coordination: HOC, OSOCC, etc. INT’L MILITARY FORCES CIMIC, CMOC, etc)

CA Non- Coalition Military CFLCC CENTCOM J-4 J-5 LRPE CCC J-2 J-3 J5-CMO J5-CMO CFACC DIRMOBFOR COALITION or UN MILITARY FORCES THE FOG OF RESPONSIBILTY: A Civilian Perspective CIMIC/CMOC CJCMOTF/CHLC CIVILIAN ORGANIZATIONS “plug in”

Selected humanitarian info web sites Afghanistan Information Management Service Humanitarian Information Center for Iraq UN Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo RELIEF WEB (managed by OCHA) UN Joint Logistics Centers

Selected UN System web sites United Nations UN System Locator UN Children’s Fund UN Development Programme UN High Commissioner for Human Rights UN High Commissioner for Refugees World Bank World Food Programme

Selected IO/NGO/Donor web sites International Council of Voluntary Agencies (ICVA) InterAction Voluntary Organizations in Cooperation in Emergencies (VOICE) Australian Council for Overseas Aid (ACFOA) The Sphere Project International Committee of the Red Cross _____________________________________________________________________________________________ US Agency for Int’l Development/Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance European Commission’s Humanitarian Aid Office (ECHO) Australian Government’s Overseas Aid Program (AUSAID)

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