+ South Africa: History Policies, People, and Places 1

+ A country blessed in natural resources and in beauty World leader in production of diamonds and gold Mild climate that resembles San Francisco Bay area 2

+ Early South Africa 3

+ Apartheid & the Nationalist Party Nationalists won election in 1948 Immediately began enforcing existing policies of racial segregation under a system of legislation that it called apartheid Under apartheid, nonwhite South Africans would be forced to live in separate areas from whites and use separate public facilities, and contact between the two groups would be limited. Cry, the Beloved Country was written in 1946 and published in Think about this in terms of Paton’s view of South Africa in the novel… 4

+ Apartheid Apartheid was used to cement control over economic and social systems. Quickly became a way of extreme racial separation 5

+ Institutionalized racial discrimination = Apartheid Under this system, 13 percent of the population controlled the rest. Rested on 3 basic principles: 1) There were 4 official racial groups: White, African, Coloured, and Indian 2) Whites were the only “civilized” race, and therefore should exercise complete control over the others. 3) White interests always come before black 6

+ Just some of the apartheid legislation: 1949: Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act required all individuals living in South Africa to register as a member of one of four officially defined racial groups and prohibited extramarital sexual relationships between people of different races 1950: Population Registration Act provided framework for classifying every person by race in all of South Africa 1959: Immorality Act prohibited whites from marrying or having sexual relations with anyone of another racial group 7

+ Passbooks required for Native Africans Land Acts controlled all African movement in all urban areas and resulted in the need for Passbooks. Local officials could remove “idle or undesirable natives” who were found in urban areas longer than 72 hours. 8

+ Passbooks If an African Native stood outside his front door without his pass, police could haul him off to jail without notifying anyone. Murders went unsolved while the courts were jammed with Pass Law offenders. 9

+ Sharpeville Massacre For years Africans endured the passbook system. Pan-African Congress urged Native Africans to protest by showing up at local police stations, without passbooks, and demand to be arrested. Throughout the country, Africans responded. 20,000 showed up at the Sharpeville prison near Johannesburg. Things got ugly; police opened fire on the crowd, killing 69 people. 10

+ Sharpeville: The beginning of the end… 11 “My car was struck by a stone. If they do these things, they must learn their lesson” Hundreds dead--many shot in the back

+ Anti-Apartheid Leaders 12

+ Nelson Mandela President of the ANC (African National Congress) in 1951 Between , he began to realize that nonviolence was not going to be effective. In 1962, he was arrested for leaving South Africa illegally and sentenced to 5 years in jail. Tried a year later for treason and given life sentence on Robben Island In this maximum security prison for 27 years Public discussion of him was illegal Freed on February 11, 1990 In 1994 in the first free election, he was elected president. 13

+ Nelson Mandela Mandela in prisonHis famous number

+ Steve Biko “Black is beautiful.” Founder of the Black Consciousness movement Was “banned” in 1973 On September 7, 1977, he was arrested and sustained a head injury during “interrogation.” Doctors examined him while he was naked, lying on a mat, manacled to metal grille By September 11,, he had slipped into a coma and was transported to a hospital 12 hours away. Made the journey lying naked in the back of a Land Rover Died from brain damage on September 12 — lying on the floor of a cell in Pretoria Prison 15

+ Chris Hani Charismatic leader of South African Communist Party Shot 4 times on April 10, 1993, in his own driveway A turning point – would the nation erupt in violence? Mandela was elected just over a year after Hani’s death 4 days later, Dave Matthews Band began playing a song, #36, to honor Hani Starts with “Honey, Honey, come and dance with me,” which was originally written as, “Hani, Hani, come and dance with me.” On a related noted, Dave Matthews Band is Mr. Bruno’s favorite band. They are cool. 1vUE 1vUE KsOIc KsOIc People who killed him are still in prison 16