Steps to War

Industrialization

Agricultural Revolution  A time of revised farming practices that allowed people to grow more food  More food=increasing population  Better farming techniques  Seed drill  Crop rotation  Enclosure  Warmer climate

Factors of Production  Land (ground and resources)  Labor (workforce and their skills)  Capital (machinery, anything that makes work easier)  Before, controlled by the state  Industrialization, controlled by individuals

Factory vs. domestic system  Domestic system- no division of labor, everything produced in the home  Factory system- division of labor, production occurs in factories

Life in the factories  hour days  Low wages  Unsanitary working conditions

Middle Class  managers of industry  also bankers, manufacturers, merchants, lawyers, doctors, engineers, professors  gained social influence and power (as income grew)  government cared about them

Economic Theories  Mercantilism- we already talked about this  Capitalism- factors of production controlled by individuals  Adam Smith- laissez-faire, supply and demand, competition  David Ricardo- iron law of wages, comparative advantage  Thomas Malthus- population growth model  Socialism- factors of production controlled by the government for the benefit of all  Owen, Fourier, Blanc, Saint-Simon  Communism- factors of production controlled by everyone for the benefit of everyone  Marx and Engels

Reform Movements

Why reforms?  Poor working conditions  Overcrowding in cities  Unemployment  Lack of sanitation

Types of Reforms  Emancipation  Temperance Movement (banning alcohol)  Suffrage (the right to vote)  Better working conditions and sanitation  Native Rights  Labor unions

Scientific Advances  Edison’s light bulb  Bell’s telephone  Marconi’s radio  Automobiles  Wright brother’s airplane  cell theory  genetics  evolution  Jenner’s small pox vaccine  pasteurization  Fleming’s penicillin  structure of the atom  radioactivity (Curie)  quantum theory (Planck and Einstein)

Social Science  History  Anthropology  Sociology  Psychology  Economics

The Arts  romanticism- rejected the reason of the Enlightenment  idealized view of society  Sir Walter Scott, James Fennimore Cooper, Grimm brothers  Beethoven, Tchaikovsky, Wagner,  Daguerre, Matthew Brady  realism-everyday life important-Mark Twain, Leo Tolstoy  naturalists-ugly and unpleasant aspects of life- Emile Zola  impressionism-vivid impressions of people and places- Monet, Renoir

Liberalism

Changes in France  Louis-Philippe became “citizen king”  2 nd French Republic  Revolution of 1848  2 nd French Empire- Louis-Napoleon  Franco-Prussian War  3 rd Republic

Western Hemisphere  Haiti- Toussaint-Louverture  Simon Bolivar- Latin and South America  Mostly ruled by dictators after declaring independence

Russia  emancipation of serfs  local governments  assassination of Alexander II  civil unrest  government cracks down  Revolution of 1905

Austria-Hungary  lots of different ethnicities  uprisings against Francis Joseph I  Dual-monarchy created  Balkan Wars

Nationalism

What is nationalism?  a sense of national consciousness (identification with a nation)

Why nationalism?  it makes them put the nation over individual interests  it encourages similar peoples to come together (and sometimes rebel)  it provided strength and unity as a country

Modern Examples  Chechnya  The Kurds  Kashmir

Unifications

Italy  Camillo Cavour (Sardinia) made a deal with France to kick Austria out of the north  Northern states of Lombardy, Parma, Modena, and Tuscany asked to be part of Sardinia  1860-Giuseppe Garibaldi conquered the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and handed it over to Victor Emmanual II

Germany  economically- Zollverein was a customs union that reduced tariffs  Politically William I became king, appointed Otto von Bismark  Wars of Unification- Danish War, Seven Weeks’ War, Franco-Prussian War  declared the unified German empire under Chancellor Bismark and Kaiser William

Legacies  people want a country with similar people in it  more unrest, especially in the Balkans  unification of Italy and Germany, division of Austria-Hungary  ideas of superiority

Imperialism

Definition  when one country takes over another to get its resources or create a sphere of influence

Justification  other countries need to modernize  modern countries wanted the resources and the markets to sell goods in  resources and markets  social and political influence throughout the world

Types of Colonies  settlement colonies- send people to live in the new country  dependent colonies- a few European officials the native population  protectorates- sphere of influence, ruler maintained nominal title, but had to acquiesce to European demands

Africa  French and British claimed North Africa during a time of political unrest (British got Suez Canal)  King Leopold II conquered the Congo  West Africa put up a fight, but eventually lost  Boers came first to South Africa, then the British defeated them

Effects  stripped of its resources  people not allowed to participate in government  boundaries redrawn with no thought to the indigenous population  people learn to be cruel

Asia  mostly by spheres of influence  British took over India for trade, set up people in power  French controlled Indochina  Dutch East Indies  China=spheres of influence (Opium Wars)  Japan avoided being imperialized because of industrialization  Sino-Japanese War, Japan won Taiwan  US got Samoa, Hawaii, The Philippines, Guam and Wake Island

Effects  European influence  increased trade and modernization

South America  Spanish-American War  “Dollar Diplomacy”  Panama Canal

Legacies  everything going on in the Middle East and Africa  countries are still dependent on the west  some countries became more democratic and industrialized  less disease