MIGHT Partnership Exchange EU- Biomass Stakeholders Forum The Potential of Biomass in Malaysia as a Fuel For Electricity Generation Istana Hotel, Kuala Lumpur 27-28 April 2010 Badrol bin Ahmad Abdul Halim Shamsudin

Outline Background Biomass potential Biomass for electricity generation Issues

BACKGROUND Malaysia’s energy resources are dominated by fossil fuels. Biomass, solar and mini hydro hold great promise as complementary energy resources. They are plentiful They provide potential for the reduction of GHG emissions Successful utilization these resources depends on Favourable energy policy Technology availability Access to supplies This presentation focuses on biomass and its potential for electricity generation

Generation Fuel Mix in Peninsular Malaysia (2008) % Gas 64 Coal 29 Hydro 7

Malaysia Agricultural Remains an important sector of Malaysia’s economy Contributes 12% to national GDP 3 main crops dominate agricultural export: Rubber palm oil Cocoa Rice and sugarcane are grown for domestic consumption.

Biomass are organic matters that are derived from plants (agriculture and timber industries) livestock waste garbage They represent ‘new energy resources’ that opens up opportunities for economic activities and employment

Sources of biomass Animals Waste Plant manure municipal waste field residues process residue

Biomass: availability and utilization Biomass are plentiful but their utilization as fuel for electricity generation is currently limited. In the near term, interest will mainly be on biomass that are associated with the major crops Oil palm Rice Sugar Cocoa In the longer term, other sources may be feasible Banana Bamboo Dedicated energy crops etc

This commodity accounts for: Palm oil industry Malaysia is one of the biggest producers and exporter of palm oil and palm oil products At present the industry is the most developed among the agricultural industries in Malaysia. This commodity accounts for: 41 % of world palm oil production 47% of world exports 11% and 25% of the world's total production and exports of oils and fats.

Oil Palm Life Cycle Cultivation Pruning Felling Harvesting Extraction (Tree trunks Fronds) Pruning Felling (Palm fronds) Harvesting (Fresh fruit bunches) Extraction POME EFB, etc Oil Image:CIRAD

Oil Palm Biomass Biomass Qty/ Moisture CV/ Main mil. tonnes content / % kj/kg uses Fibre 9.66 37.00 19 068 Fuel Shell 5.20 12.00 20108 Fuel Empty fruit bunch 17.08 67.00 18838 Mulch Palm kernel 2.11 3.00 18900 Animal feed Expeller Source: A.B. Nasrin et al

Paddy cultivation and production 1990 1995 2000 Harvested area 680 672 692 (T ha) Yield 2769 3161 2941 (kg/ha) Production 1884 2127 2036 (T t) Import 330 427 - Source: FAO

States 2006 2007 2008 Area / ha Production/ tonnes Area/ ha Johor 2 405 5 739 2 639 9 221 2 154 8 128 Kedah 210 824 776 490 211 644 911 295 211 044 867 335 Kelantan 72 266 238 433 73 514 249 440 6 8598 232 309 Melaka 1 769 8 640 2 032 7 225 1 731 4 158 N. Sembilan 1 495 6 864 1 105 5 091 1 196 5 437 Pahang 7 762 22 282 7 415 22 673 6 331 21 384 Perak 82 286 23 3923 81 027 25 9081 80 724 28 0237 Perlis 51 905 17 0542 52 188 19 8025 52 180 23 3144 P. Pinang 25 564 114 488 25 513 120 286 120 074 Selangor 37 473 176 794 37 135 186 951 37 221 177 444 Terengganu 16 538 59 671 17 277 62 253 16 547 63 490 Penininsular M’sia 510 247 1 813 867 511 489 2 031 541 503 290 2 031 142 Sabah 38 498 33 858 41 443 134 384 37 447 133 138 Sarawak 127 247 239 794 123 179 209 679 115 865 206 753 Malaysia 676 034 2 187 519 676 111 2 375 604 659 602 2 353 032

Paddy is harvested and processed in the mill to produce rice. Paddy biomass Paddy is harvested and processed in the mill to produce rice. The residue from the harvests and subsequent processing includes Straw Concentrated on farms Husk 23 % of the paddy processed 13 % moisture content Concentrated in mills

Sugarcane cultivation and sugar production Sugarcane flourishes in dry region of Malaysia. Its cultivation, therefore, is concentrated mainly in Perlis and Kedah. Johor and Sarawak are potential states identified as suitable for sugarcane cultivation Cultivated areas are estimated to be 20 000 to 40 000 hectares producing 1.3 to 1.6 million tonnes annually .

Sugar production Sugar cane are processed to produce raw and refined sugar, exclusively for domestic consumption. The processing is carried out in facilities located in in the plantations in Kedah &Perlis. Facilities in Penang and Selangor are refineries that produces refined sugar.

Sugarcane biomass Sugarcane biomass Bagasse Leaves and cane tops Residue of sugarcane processing 300 kg of bagasse /100 000 kg sugarcane Annual bagasse production is estimated at 300 million. Leaves and cane tops From sugarcane harvesting About 0.7 of the dry weight of cane

Rubber biomass Rubber biomass Utilization Rubber wood Available during replanting Estimated at 3.4 million kg / year Utilization Materials for furniture Energy

Once a major commercial crop in Malaysia. Cocoa cultivation Once a major commercial crop in Malaysia. Cultivated areas show definite decline Peninsular and Sabah However, bean production continue to increase in tonnage. Cocoa biomass Pruning activities 25 000 kg dry organic matter/ 10 000 m2/year.

Ground cocoa beans / tonnes Year Peninsular Malaysia Cultivated area / ha Ground cocoa beans / tonnes Sabah Estate Small_ holding Total 1980 37 713 19632 57 345 6 000 39 761 18 233 57 984 1985 45 798 61 134 106 932 27 000 131 909 40 804 172 713 1990 47 124 90 807 137 931 70 000 143 827 35 821 179 648 1995 15 014 32 690 47 704 103 540 81 639 32 652 113 691 2000 2 717 12 425 15 142 139 443 19 722 32 088 51 810 2008 756 6 097 6 853 323 653 2 857 5 728 8 585 Cocoa: Cultivated Areas Source: Cocoa Board, Malaysia

Planted areas and coconut production States 2006 2007 2008 Area / ha Production/ tonnes Area/ ha Johor 20 810 108 214 97 181 19 781 115 325 Perak 14057 63 272 14 057 6 914 47 209 Selangor 19 419 77 752 74 683 16 761 75 994 Penininsular M’sia 77 255 344 145 77 491 339 824 65 931 321 566 Sabah 18 245 78 451 18 225 20 021 82 130 Sarawak 23 380 87 119 81 982 25 352 48 684 Malaysia Planted areas and coconut production Source: Department of Agriculture, Malaysia

Biomass as fuel for electricity generation Green energy is becoming an important feature of electricity supply industry. This trend is supported by favourable climate energy policies incentives continued supply of biomass technology

Biomass electricity generation potential in Malaysia The available biomass has an equivalent generation capacity of more than 3 000 MW of electricity. Oil palm biomass has practical advantage Concentrated in large plantations A number of plants are already in operations Active research activities MPOB Universities Research institutions

Biomass energy potential Sector Quantity / Ktonne/year Annual generation potential MW Maximum energy potential/MW EFB 16 700 28 000 3 150 Fruit Fibres 12 200 Palm shell 4 900 Palm oil mill effluent 38 900 2 800 320 Wood chips 2 200 600 70 Rice husks 400 300 30 Bagasse 200 25 Total 58 500 31 900 3595 (Halim, 2010)

Calorific Values of Biomass Fuel Properties Calorific Values of Biomass Source EFB Fruit Shell Bagasse Thrash Husk Straw Fibre 14.6 14.8 19.0 1 19.7 20.7 18.8 17.9 18.1 15.4 15.2 2 1. Shamsuddin (1985) & (1995), Hussain (2006): dry basis 2. Turn et al (1997): HHV

Biomass electricity generation projects Co-gen in the mills EC-ASEAN Co-gen(1990,s) 5 full-scale demonstration projects using wood wastes Approved Small RE Projects (SREP) EFB : 165.9 MW Wood wastes: 6.6 MW Rice Husk : 12.0 MW MSW : 5.0 MW Mixed fuels : 19.2 MW FELDA-J-Power-TNB Biomass Power Plant 10 MW Jana Landfill Sdn. Bhd 2 MW

Biomass electricity generation projects TSH Bioenergy Sdn. Bhd. (Sabah) Grid connected with 14 MW capacity 2 MW : internal consumption 10 MW : supplied to grid BioGen FSM Projects MHES Asia Sdn. Bhd. (10 MW) EFB FELDA Serting Hilir (1.0 MW) Biogas

Experience

Issues and Challenges Resource availability Long term supply Operational optimisation Technology management

Resource availability Resources are available within the plantations and mills But not all are available for electricity generation Biomass to be returned to soil policy Competing use Product manufacture Furniture Mattress Composite materials Fertilizers Etc Policy on biomass utilizations is required??

Power plants are designed for a service life of more than 25 years. Long term supply Power plants are designed for a service life of more than 25 years. Supply must be assured over this period of time Supply agreement Quantity Quality Ability of supplier to meet power operators Production capacity Raw biomass Pelletised biomass

Storage Power plant Storage Biomass supply chain Processed biomass e.g transportation Processed biomass e.g pellets Storage Quality Quantity Delivery Plantation Smallholders Power plant transporta- tion Mills, refineries, etc Storage transportation transportation Biomass supply chain

Operational optimization Storage capacity Combustion efficiency Characteristics of fuel Energy content Compositions Heat transfer efficiency Plant availability Scheduled outage Forced outage Maintenance & inspection practices Effective Meets regulatory requirements

Technology Management Design requirements Technical specifications Selection of appropriate technology Economics Reliability Long term performance Skills and expertise In-house Out-source

Conventional steam plant Technology Conventional steam plant Maximum theoretical thermal efficiency is limited by max and min temperatures of the cycle. Better cycle efficiency is possible with combined cycle Biomass converted to gas Gas power gas turbine Gas turbine exhaust is recovered to generate steam in boiler and power in steam turbine.

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