I. Scientific Method

The Scientific Method A logical approach to solving problems or answering questions. Starts with observation- noting and recording information and facts hypothesis- educated guess or testable statement

Steps in the Scientific Method 1. Observations (uses your senses) a) quantitative involves numbers = 95 o F b) qualitative is word description = hot 2. Formulating hypotheses (ideas) 3. Performing experiments (the test) - gathers new information to help decide whether the hypothesis is valid

Scientific Method Controls- constants Variables- changing conditions Limit variables We gather data and observations by doing the experiment Modify hypothesis - repeat the cycle based on results

Steps in the Scientific Method Theorize (model) - explanation of some natural phenomenon Many phenomena- construct a theory Publish Results - Do other experts agree

II. Units of Measurement

Number vs. Quantity Quantity - number + unit UNITS MATTER!!

SI Units QuantityBase UnitAbbrev. Length Mass Time Temp meter kilogram second kelvin m kg s K Amountmolemol Symbol l m t T n

SI Units mega-M10 6 deci-d10 -1 centi-c10 -2 milli-m10 -3 PrefixSymbolFactor micro-  nano-n10 -9 pico-p kilo-k10 3 BASE UNIT

Derived Units Combination of base units. Volume (m 3 or cm 3 ) length  length  length D = MVMV 1 cm 3 = 1 mL 1 dm 3 = 1 L  Density (kg/m 3 or g/cm 3 )  mass per volume

Density Mass (g) Volume (cm 3 )

Density An object has a volume of 825 cm 3 and a density of 13.6 g/cm 3. Find its mass. GIVEN: V = 825 cm 3 D = 13.6 g/cm 3 M = ? WORK : M = DV M = (13.6 g/cm 3 )(825cm 3 ) M = 11,200 g

Density A liquid has a density of 0.87 g/mL. What volume is occupied by 25 g of the liquid? GIVEN: D = 0.87 g/mL V = ? M = 25 g WORK : V = M D V = 25 g 0.87 g/mL V = 29 mL

III. Using Measurements

Accuracy vs. Precision Accuracy - how close a measurement is to the accepted value Precision - how close a series of measurements are to each other ACCURATE = CORRECT PRECISE = CONSISTENT

Percent Error Indicates accuracy of a measurement your value accepted value

Percent Error A student determines the density of a substance to be 1.40 g/mL. Find the % error if the accepted value of the density is 1.36 g/mL. % error = 2.9 %

Significant Figures Indicate precision of a measurement. Recording Sig Figs Sig figs in a measurement include the known digits plus a final estimated digit 2.35 cm

Significant Figures Counting Sig Figs (Table 2-5, p.47) Count all numbers EXCEPT: Leading zeros Trailing zeros without a decimal point -- 2,500

, Significant Figures Counting Sig Fig Examples , sig figs 3 sig figs 2 sig figs

Significant Figures Calculating with Sig Figs Multiply/Divide - The # with the fewest sig figs determines the # of sig figs in the answer. (13.91g/cm 3 )(23.3cm 3 ) = g 324 g 4 SF3 SF

Significant Figures Calculating with Sig Figs (con’t) Add/Subtract - The # with the lowest decimal value determines the place of the last sig fig in the answer mL mL 7.85 mL 224 g g 354 g  7.9 mL  350 g 3.75 mL mL 7.85 mL 224 g g 354 g

Significant Figures Calculating with Sig Figs (con’t) Exact Numbers do not limit the # of sig figs in the answer. Counting numbers: 12 students Exact conversions: 1 m = 100 cm “1” in any conversion: 1 in = 2.54 cm

Significant Figures 5. (15.30 g) ÷ (6.4 mL) Practice Problems = g/mL  18.1 g g g g 4 SF2 SF  2.4 g/mL 2 SF

Scientific Notation Converting into Sci. Notation: Move decimal until there’s 1 digit to its left. Places moved = exponent. Large # (>1)  positive exponent Small # (<1)  negative exponent Only include sig figs. 65,000 kg  6.5 × 10 4 kg

Scientific Notation 7. 2,400,000  g kg 9.7  km  10 4 mm Practice Problems 2.4  10 6  g 2.56  kg km 62,000 mm

Scientific Notation Calculating with Sci. Notation (5.44 × 10 7 g) ÷ (8.1 × 10 4 mol) = 5.44 EXP EE ÷ ÷ EXP EE ENTER = = 670 g/mol= 6.7 × 10 2 g/mol Type on your calculator:

Proportions Direct Proportion  Inverse Proportion y x y x

Unit Conversions

Dimensional Analysis The “Factor-Label” Method Units, or “labels” are canceled, or “factored” out

Dimensional Analysis Steps: 1. Identify starting & ending units. 2. Line up conversion factors so units cancel. 3. Multiply all top numbers & divide by each bottom number. 4. Check units & answer.

Dimensional Analysis Lining up conversion factors: 1 in = 2.54 cm 2.54 cm 1 in = 2.54 cm 1 in 1 in = 1 1 =

Dimensional Analysis How many milliliters are in 1.00 quart of milk? 1.00 qt 1 L qt = 946 mL qtmL 1000 mL 1 L 

Dimensional Analysis You have 1.5 pounds of gold. Find its volume in cm 3 if the density of gold is 19.3 g/cm 3. lbcm lb 1 kg 2.2 lb = 35 cm g 1 kg 1 cm g

Dimensional Analysis Your European hairdresser wants to cut your hair 8.0 cm shorter. How many inches will he be cutting off? 8.0 cm1 in 2.54 cm = 3.2 in cmin

Dimensional Analysis Taft football needs 550 cm for a 1 st down. How many yards is this? 550 cm 1 in 2.54 cm = 6.0 yd cmyd 1 ft 12 in 1 yd 3 ft

Dimensional Analysis A piece of wire is 1.3 m long. How many 1.5-cm pieces can be cut from this wire? 1.3 m 100 cm 1 m = 86 pieces cmpieces 1 piece 1.5 cm

SI Prefix Conversions 1) 20 cm = ______________ m 2) L = ______________ mL 3) 45  m = ______________ nm 4) 805 dm = ______________ km ,000 32