https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c5cab4hgmoE

Everything psychological is simultaneously biological Unit 2 Biology of Behavior Objective 1: Explain why psychologists are concerned with human behavior. Everything psychological is simultaneously biological Biological psychologists (neuroscientists) - researchers who study the links between biology & behavior

Quick Review - Obj. 1: Explain why psychologists are concerned with biology. 1. In the most basic sense, every idea, mood memory and behavior you have ever experienced is a _________ phenomenon. 2.Researchers who study the links between biology & behavior are called _______________. biological Biological psychologist

Quick Review - Obj. 2: Describe the parts of the neuron. 3. Our body’s neural system is built from billions of nerve cells, or ______________. 4. The extensions of a neuron that receive messages from other neurons are the ____________ 5. The extension of a neuron that transmits information to other neurons is the ___________. 6. The neural impulse or _________ __________, is a brief electrical charge that travels down the _____________. 7. The junction or space between two neurons is called ____________. neurons dendrites axon action potential axon Synapse.

Terminal buttons 12. 8. dendrites 10. axon Myelin sheath 11. 9. Cell body

Quick Review Obj. 3: Explain how nerve cells communicate. 13. To fire a neuron must reach a certain minimum intensity called a ________. 14. Increasing a stimulus above this level __________ (will / will not) increase the neural impulse’s intensity. 15. This phenomenon is known as an _____- ___ - _____ response. 16. The strength of a stimulus (hug vs. light touch) _____ (does/does not) affect the speed of the neural impulse. 17. At the synapse, the neural impulse triggers the release of chemical messengers called________________. 18.Neurotransmitters influence neurons either by ______ or _______ their readiness to fire. 19. Excess neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by a process called _______. threshold will not none all or does not neurotransmitters excitatory inhibitory reuptake

How fast are our neurons? Neural Communication How fast are our neurons?

. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c5cab4hgmoE

Objective 2: Describe the parts of a neuron DENDRITE receives messages and sends message toward cell body

Neurons Dendrites lesson. Axon’s speak. AXON: carries message through the neuron & out to other neurons Dendrites lesson. Axon’s speak.

Neurons MYELIN SHEATH covers the axon & helps speed the neural message If myelin sheath deteriorates message short circuits = MS

Function Threshold: an impulse (message) is triggered only when excitatory signals are more than inhibitory signals meeting a minimum intensity called a threshold.

Neurons

ALL-OR-NONE response. Neuron either fires or not (gun) A nerve impulse fires when the neuron is 1.)stimulated by signals from sensory receptors or when 2.)triggered by chemicals from other neurons. ALL-OR-NONE response. Neuron either fires or not (gun) ACTION POTENTIAL the messages that neurons carry are nerve impulses; electrical signals

Before a neuron fires it is RESTING A neuron cannot fire until it’s THRESHOLD is met. Excitatory signals exceed inhibitory signals Each neuron has a speed assigned to it (2mph to 200 mph). An individual neuron cannot fire faster or slower…it as an ALL OR NONE response. How then can we tell the difference between a big hug & a gentle touch? **A stimulus (hug) can trigger MORE neurons to fire or to fire MORE OFTEN but not more intense or faster.**

the message ends (terminates) Neurons When a message reaches the end of an axon, your body changes electrical charge to a chemical message Terminal Buttons: the message ends (terminates)

Neurons

Objective 3: Explain how neurons communicate Neurotransmitters When the action potential (the message) reaches the terminal button (end of axon), your system converts the electrical charge into a chemical message called a NT. Synapse Space between the axon tip of a sending neuron and the dendrite of a receiving neuron NT

How Neurons Communicate

How Neurons Communicate

How Neurons Communicate

How Neurons Communicate

How Neurons Communicate Reuptake: the sending neuron reabsorbs the NT left over in the synapse

(after 7 NT definitions) Objective 4: Describe how NT influence mood & behavior & explain how drugs affect NT. Acetylcholine (AcH) Dopamine Serotonin Norepinephrine GABA Glutamate Endorphins Tape in NB: 1) Neuron Diagram 2) Synapse Diagram 3) Mouse Party Lab Sheet (after 7 NT definitions) Look these up & put in your notes…what is the function of the chemical?

Put each mouse into the chamber Read & listen to what happens in the brain when a particular drug is ingested Record which NT is involved; explain what is happening; draw a diagram http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/drugs/mouse.html

Heroin Ecstasy Alcohol Marijuana Cocaine LSD Meth agonist; binds to opiate receptors; dopamine floods synapse Ecstasy agonist for serotonin; stimulates release (ex) & blocks reuptake Alcohol antagonist for glutamate (ex) – prevents glutamate from binding to & exciting cell; increases GABA (in) Marijuana agonist; stimulates anadomides (stimulate hunger; sleepiness); stops inhibitory NT that should be stopping the release of dopamine Cocaine agonist for dopamine LSD agonist for serotonin Meth

Objective 5: Identify the two major divisions of the nervous system & describe their basic functions.

Objective 5: Identify the two major divisions of the nervous system & describe their basic functions.

The Nervous System

sensory motor link nervous system w/ body’s senses, muscles, & glands nerves: carry from sense receptors TO the brain (CNS) takes in information & sends info to other body parts decision maker sensory interneurons process info between sense input & motor output motor carry from brain (CNS) to body

The Nervous System

The Nervous System involuntary voluntary

The Nervous System involuntary voluntary

Sympathetic NS: makes you alert, needs a lot of energy to prepare you for action = heart rate blood pressure blood sugar digestion pupils lungs dilate/bigger dilate/bigger

A Simple Reflex

endocrine system = hormones Objective 6: Explain the endocrine system’s functions, & how it interacts w/ the nervous system. nervous system = NT endocrine system = hormones chemicals that act all over body slow “endocrine hangover” adrenal gland surge of energy adrenaline (fight-or-flight response) pituitary gland control center of endocrine sys. growth & sex hormones in brain / peas sized controlled by hypothalmus (brains structure) *endocrine & nervous system are on a constant feedback loop*

Definition Slides

Biological Psychology = a branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior. Some biological psychologists call themselves behavioral neuroscientists, neuropsychologists, behavior geneticists, physiological psychologists, or biopsychologists.

Neuron = a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system.

Sensory Neurons = neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord.

Motor Neurons = neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands.

Interneurons = neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs.

Dendrite = the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body.

Axon = the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands.

Myelin Sheath = a layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next.

Action Potential = a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon.

Threshold = a level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse.

Synapse = the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or synaptic cleft.

Neurotransmitters = chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse.

Reuptake = a neurotransmitter’s reabsorption by the sending neuron.

Endorphins = “morphine within” – natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and pleasure.

Nervous System = the body’s speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems.

Central Nervous System = the brain and spinal cord.

Peripheral Nervous System = the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body.

Nerves = bundled axons that form neural “cables” connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs.

Somatic Nervous System = the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles. Also called the skeletal nervous system.

Autonomic Nervous System = the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms.

Sympathetic Nervous System = the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations.

Parasympathetic Nervous System = the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy.

Reflex = a simple, autonomic response to a sensory stimulus such as the knee-jerk response.

Endocrine System = the body’s “slow” chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.

Hormones = chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues.

Adrenal Glands = a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress.

Pituitary Gland = the endocrine system’s most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.