Categories Of Behavior UnconditionedConditioned Voluntary or operant Looking Babbling Crawling Reading Writing Fence jumping Involuntary or respondent Pupillary response to bright light GSR response to loud noise GSR when telling a lie Blushing

Orienting Responses TAXES: Movement towards or away from some feature of the environment. -Positive (e.g., Positive geotropism). -Negative (e.g., Negative phototropism). KINESES: Rate of movement (but not direction) is determined by some feature of the environment. -Orthokinesis: Rate of movement (in any direction) is a function of environmental conditions. -Klino-kinesis: Rate of turning (but not velocity) s a function of environmental conditions.

Proportion Of Woodlice Inactive For 30 Seconds As A Function Of Humidity

Do Drivers Like Traffic Jams? AreaRuralUrbanRural Speed (mph) Distance (miles) Time covered by15’60’15’ each car (min.) No. of cars

Round Dance

Communicating Angle Of Food Source With Waggle Dance

Key Phases Of Blowfly Eating Cycle: pumping reflex of proboscis sensory adaptation of sugar receptors sugar concentration of food state of crop state of gut (blood sugar level)

Foraging Cycle Of Blowfly - Gut is empty at beginning of cycle. -Flight is guided by kineses (e.g., temperature, light level, time of day, odor of fermenting sugars in plants). -Taxes guide approach to specific stimuli. -Blowfly lands on leaf. -Sugar receptors on hairs of legs are stimulated. -Proboscis uncoils reflexively.

-Rate of pumping from proboscis to crop is a function of sweetness and adaptation level of sugar receptors. Sweetness steadily decreases. -Sweetness eventually falls below some critical value; pumping resumes. -Intake is not a simple cyclic function of adaptation of sugar sensors. -The digestive tract regulates the value of threshold for sweetness. -Crop stores food and then transfers it to main gut and to bloodstream. Foraging Cycle of Blowfly, cont’d

THREE PHASES OF MOTIVATED ACTIVITY (as illustrated by feeding cycle of blowfly) DRIVE: Some state of a regulator produces or makes probable (e.g., empty crop). APPETITIVE BEHAVIOR: responses to stimuli, which contribute to a consummatory event, (e.g., ingesting sugar). CONSUMMATORY EVENT: a shift in the regulator away from its initial drive state (e.g., transferring food from crop to gut).

Sparrow Songs

Chaffinch Songs

Development Of Chaffinch Song Chaffinch is born in the spring. It sings its mature song 1 year later (at which time it also nests for the first time). During the first few weeks after hatching, it only emits food begging calls. During the summer and fall it produces a subsong, bits of the full song that are not integrated into correct sequence and that are not sung as loudly as full song. There is very little singing of any kind during the winter. During the following spring it resumes singing the subsong which, over a period of a few weeks, blends smoothly into full song. The transitional song is called plastic song (because it is more variable than full song). A permanent crystallized song finally appears about second month of the second spring. The crystallized song is sung every spring for the rest of the chaffinch’s life- approximately five years.

What A Chaffinch Sings First-year chaffinches, raised by themselves, or deafened, they will sing abnormal songs during the following spring. -If they hear (but not see) a normal adult male, they will get it right during the second spring. -If, however, the chaffinch sings the wrong song during the second spring (by virtue of socializing with a different kind of finch) it will never get it right. Depending upon how much of the adult song the young chaffinch hears (and the quality of that song) it picks the best components to copy. If deafening occurs after the second spring, normal song is still produced.

Key Phases Of Blowfly Eating Cycle: pumping reflex of proboscis sensory adaptation of sugar receptors sugar concentration of food state of crop state of gut (blood sugar level)

Critical Periods for Development of Behavior White crown sparrow’s song: days Gosling’s following behavior: 4-17 days

Imprinting Apparatus Test: Will gosling follow duck that moved during training? Test: Will gosling overcome obstacles to follow duck?

Critical Period For Imprinting