First written constitution in Oklahoma. Legislative=unicameral, 10 reps from 3 districts Executive=3 district chiefs, 4 year terms, lighthorse of 18 peace officers
Judicial=3 judges Bill of Rights
At first, citizens of Choctaw Nation 1855, made treaty with Choctaws to make their own nation Constitution almost identical to Choctaws Capital at Tishomingo
John Ross and “new” Cherokees didn’t want to accept government of existing Cherokees. They wanted to write a new constitution. June 22, 1839, signers of the Treaty of New Echota were killed.
Stand Watie sought revenge. Blood feud lasted 7 years. Constitution conventions held. 1840, new constitution written. Tahlequah is capital.
Lower Creeks and Upper Creeks were divided but got along. Not centralized, almost 50 towns in a confederation each with a chief and 2 nd chief
National Council organized in 1840 1859, first written constitution, still had division of Upper and Lower, chiefs became elected positions
Least organized, didn’t want to join Creeks 25 towns with chiefs Annual summer meeting of town chiefs
Some Seminoles and Creeks created a colony in Mexico 1856, Creeks granted Seminoles independence with own land
Farm sites for fruits and vegetables Fields of cotton Slavery=less harsh in Indian Territory, some could marry and have property Choctaw slaves composed “Swing Low, Sweet Chariot”
Ranching=cattle, sheep, goats, horses, hogs Commerce evolved and towns grew as trading centers Manufacturing
Transportation = ◦ Texas Road-Highway 69 (northeast/southwest) ◦ California Trail (east/west) ◦ Butterfield Road (stagecoach line to link St.Louis and Los Angeles) ◦ Red and Arkansas Rivers by keelboats and steamboats
Traditional Presbyterian: ABCFM, Byington and Worcester, Wheelock Church Baptist: opposed slavery Methodist: circuit-riding preachers Moravians
Many female missionaries Missionaries taught the gospel, practiced medicine, opposed alcohol, advised tribal leaders, converted languages into written form, opened schools
Almost every mission had a day school Boarding schools created Used annuities from treaties and mission funds
Reading, writing, math, history, Latin, Greek, philosophy, biology, astronomy and the Bible Vocational training too Cherokees separated church and state
Interaction with each other, western tribes, and US government. International councils to discuss problems. Problems with Mexico and Texas. New forts created