The International Joint Commission, Sustainability, and Great Lakes Water: A Historical Appraisal Dr. Daniel Macfarlane Environmental and Sustainability Studies Western Michigan University

Canada-US Border Watersheds 2

Diversions in/out of Great Lakes Basin

IJC Dockets 4 of the 50 cases (dockets) handled by the commission prior to 1944, 39 were applications for approval of specific works under the quasi-judicial power of article VIII, and only 11 were references under article IX, the investigative function. between 1944 and 1979 there were 35 references and 20 applications between 1979 and 2012 there were 12 references and 3 applications

St. Lawrence Seaway and Power Project 5

27 foot depth channel; 15 locks; 4 dams (2 producing hydro power) Power project: Power Authority of the State of New York (PASNY) & Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario (HEPCO or Ontario Hydro) 6

Lake St. Lawrence 7

Niagara 8

Horseshoe Falls 9

Long Lac & Ogoki diversions

GRAND & NAWAPA