Chapter 1 New World Encounters

New World Encounters © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Native American Histories Before the Conquest 04/06/98 Native American Histories Before the Conquest 20,000 years ago—Siberian hunters became first American inhabitants 14,000 years ago—humans reached tip of South America These Paleo-Indians did not suffer from many communicative diseases © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 2 2 2 2

Routes of the First Americans 04/06/98 Routes of the First Americans © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 2 2 2 2

The Environmental Challenge: Food, Climate, and Culture 04/06/98 The Environmental Challenge: Food, Climate, and Culture Native Americans enjoyed an abundant supply of meat Some suggest they over-hunted and caused the extinction of several large species Climatic warming probably played a much bigger role © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 2 2 2 2

The Environmental Challenge: Food, Climate, and Culture 04/06/98 The Environmental Challenge: Food, Climate, and Culture 5,000 years ago—agricultural revolution Crops included maize, squash, and beans Shift from nomadic hunting and gathering to permanent villages or large cities © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 2 2 2 2

Mysterious Disappearances 04/06/98 Mysterious Disappearances Anasazi culture—Chaco Canyon Sophisticated irrigation Well-built roads for transportation Adena and Hopewell peoples—Ohio Valley Large ceremonial mounds Extensive trade network © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 2 2 2 2

Mysterious Disappearances 04/06/98 Mysterious Disappearances Cahokia—Mississippi Valley Large ceremonial mounds Far-flung trade network © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 2 2 2 2

Aztec Dominance Aztecs settled valley of Mexico 04/06/98 Aztec Dominance Aztecs settled valley of Mexico Center of large, powerful empire Highly-organized social and political structure Ruled through fear and force © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 3 3 3

Aztec Dominance © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Eastern Woodland Cultures 04/06/98 Eastern Woodland Cultures Atlantic coast of North America Native Americans lived in smaller bands Agriculture supplemented by hunting and gathering Likely were the first natives encountered by English settlers © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 4 4 4 4

Locations of Major Indian Groups and Culture Areas in the 1600s 04/06/98 Locations of Major Indian Groups and Culture Areas in the 1600s © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 4 4 4 4

Confederacies of Eastern North America 04/06/98 Confederacies of Eastern North America Huron—southern Ontario near Lakes Ontario and Erie Iroquois—central New York Powhattan—Chesapeake © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 6 6 6

04/06/98 A World Transformed Large numbers of whites profoundly altered native cultures The rate of change varied from place to place Native traditions changed radically for cultural survival © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 5 5 5

A World Transformed © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Cultural Negotiations 04/06/98 Cultural Negotiations Diversity of language groups, ethnicities Place in society defined through kinship Communal, charismatic, sociopolitical formation Diplomacy, trade, war organized around reciprocal relationships © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 5 5 5

Threats to Survival: Trade 04/06/98 Threats to Survival: Trade Native Americans were eager for European trade They became dependent on, and indebted to, Europeans Commerce also influenced warfare patterns © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 7 7 7

Threats to Survival: Disease 04/06/98 Threats to Survival: Disease Contact brought population decline among American Indians Cause: lack of resistance to epidemic disease Smallpox Measles Influenza Rate as high as 95% © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 8 8 8 8

Native American Population Loss, 1500–1700 © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

West Africa: Ancient and Complex Societies 04/06/98 West Africa: Ancient and Complex Societies Diversity of sub-Saharan cultures Islam Strong traditional beliefs A history of empires Mali Ghana Daily life centered on elder-ruled clans © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 10 10 10 10

West Africa: Ancient and Complex Societies © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Trade Routes in Africa 04/06/98 © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 10 10 10 10

Beginnings of the Slave Trade 04/06/98 Beginnings of the Slave Trade Fifteenth-century Portuguese charted sea lanes from Europe to sub-Saharan Africa Native rulers sold prisoners of war to Portuguese as slaves © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 11 11 11 11

How Many Slaves? Seventeenth century—ca. 1,000 Africans per year 04/06/98 How Many Slaves? Seventeenth century—ca. 1,000 Africans per year Eighteenth century—5.5 million transported to the Americas By 1860—ca. 11 million Before 1831, more Africans than Europeans came to the Americas © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 1 12 12 12

Europe on the Eve of Conquest 04/06/98 Europe on the Eve of Conquest Tenth century—Leif Ericson settled “Vinland” Late fifteenth century—preconditions for overseas settlement attained Rise of nation-states Spread of new technologies Spread of old knowledge © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 13 13 13

Europe on the Eve of Conquest 04/06/98 Europe on the Eve of Conquest 1492—Columbus initiated large-scale European colonization © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 13 13 13

Building New Nation-States 04/06/98 Building New Nation-States Population growth after 1450 “New monarchs” forged nations from scattered provinces Spain France England “Middle class” a new source of revenue Powerful military forces deployed © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 13 14 14 14

04/06/98 Imagining a New World Spain became the first European nation to achieve conditions for successful colonization Unified under Ferdinand and Isabella 1492—Jews and Muslims expelled Conquest of Canary Islands provided rehearsal for colonization © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 14 15 15 15

Christopher Columbus © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

04/06/98 Myths and Reality Columbus persuaded Queen Isabella to finance westward expedition to “Cathay” 1492—initial voyage Three subsequent voyages to find cities of China © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 15 16 16 16

04/06/98 Myths and Reality 1506—Columbus died clinging to belief he had reached the Orient Made Spanish dominion in America possible © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 15 16 16 16

The Columbian Exchange and the Global Environment © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Conquistadores: Faith and Greed 04/06/98 The Conquistadores: Faith and Greed Independent adventurers commissioned by Spanish crown to subdue new lands By 1512—major Caribbean islands decimated By 1521—Cortés destroyed Aztec empire 1539–1542—de Soto explored Southeast 1540–1542—Coronado explored Southwest © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 16 17 17 17

Voyages of European Exploration 04/06/98 Voyages of European Exploration © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 16 17 17 17

From Plunder to Settlement 04/06/98 From Plunder to Settlement Encomienda System rewarded Conquistadors Large land grants Indian inhabitants provided labor or tribute Appointed officials answered only to crown Catholic Church Protected Indian rights Performed mass conversions © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 17 18 18 18

From Plunder to Settlement 04/06/98 From Plunder to Settlement By 1650, half million Spaniards in New World Unmarried males intermarried Mixed-blood population emerged © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 17 18 18 18

The Virgin of Guadalupe © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The French Claim Canada 04/06/98 The French Claim Canada 1608—Samuel de Champlain founded Québec French empire eventually included St. Lawrence River, Great Lakes, Mississippi French crown made little effort to foster settlement © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 18 19 19 19

The French Claim Canada © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The French Claim Canada 04/06/98 The French Claim Canada Fur trade underpinned economy Indians became valued trading partners © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 18 19 19 19

The English Enter the Competition 04/06/98 The English Enter the Competition Claimed New World territory under Henry VIII (r. 1509–1547) England achieved preconditions for colonization under Elizabeth I © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 19 20 20 20

The English Enter the Competition © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Birth of English Protestantism 04/06/98 Birth of English Protestantism Protestant Reformation played a major role in England’s rise to dominance 1517—Martin Luther sparked reform in Germany 1536—John Calvin’s Institutes published in Geneva Reformation pitted European Protestants against Catholics © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 21 21 21 21

The English Reformation 04/06/98 The English Reformation Tudor monarchs brought political unity Reformation under Henry Vlll (r. 1509–1547) strengthened Crown Protestant reform accelerated under Edward VI (r. 1547–1553) Death of Mary I (r. 1553–1558) cut short English Catholic Counter-Reformation © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 20 22 22 22

The English Reformation 04/06/98 The English Reformation Elizabeth I (r. 1558–1603) consolidated English Reformation © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 20 22 22 22

Militant Protestantism 04/06/98 Militant Protestantism Lutheran Reformation God speaks through Bible, not through Pope or priests Justification by faith alone for salvation Calvinist Reformation John Calvin stressed God’s omnipotence Predestination—some persons chosen by God for salvation © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 20 22 22 22

Militant Protestantism 04/06/98 Militant Protestantism Calvinist Christianity expanded in northern Europe France—Huguenots Scotland—Presbyterians England—Puritans © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 20 22 22 22

Woman in Power Elizabeth I (r. 1558–1603) was a very capable monarch 04/06/98 Woman in Power Elizabeth I (r. 1558–1603) was a very capable monarch Elizabeth introduced Via Media Protestant doctrine “Catholic” ritual Ended religious turmoil in England © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 20 22 22 22

04/06/98 Woman in Power Elizabeth’s excommunication by Pope prompted Spanish crusade against England England aligned with Protestant nations against Catholic powers © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 20 22 22 22

Religion, War, and Nationalism 04/06/98 Religion, War, and Nationalism Spanish hostility made Elizabeth the symbol of English, Protestant nationhood Sea Dogs’ seizure of Spanish treasure made them English heroes Elizabeth’s subjects raided Spain’s American empire 1588—Spanish Armada defeated © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 22 23 23 23

An Unpromising Beginning: Mystery at Roanoke 04/06/98 An Unpromising Beginning: Mystery at Roanoke Sir Walter Raleigh established Roanoke colony in 1584 He named the region Virginia after the Virgin Queen The colony failed and Raleigh tried again in 1587 The colonists disappeared without a trace and their fate remains a mystery © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 26 25 25 25

Mystery at Roanoke © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Campaign to Sell America 04/06/98 Campaign to Sell America By 1600, no English settlements in New World Richard Hakluyt advertised benefits of American colonization Claimed that England needed American colonies © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 26 25 25 25