Health Health Higher Geography Paper 2 Development and Health Higher Geography Paper 2 Development and Health

Health It’s an unequal world Water and Health Case studies (i) Guinea Worm (ii) Indoor Air Pollution Primary Health Care It’s an unequal world Water and Health Case studies (i) Guinea Worm (ii) Indoor Air Pollution Primary Health Care

It’s an unequal world

Malnutrition – caused by a lack of food – weakens people, especially children and elderly, making them less able to fight off other diseases.

AIDS has been the new killer disease of the late 20 th / early 21 st centuries

WATER SUPPLY and SANITATION URBAN AND RURAL Water supply and sanitation (sewage disposal) in Developing Countries is often much better in city (urban) areas than in countryside (rural) areas for the following reasons:- 1.It is cheaper to provide safe water and sanitation services in cities, where millions of people are gathered together, compared to thousands of scattered villages of only a few hundred people in each. 2.Linked to this is the fact that millions are leaving the rural areas and moving to the cities, increasing the urban problems. 3.Because of this concentration of people, there is a greater need for safe water and a greater risk of the spread of water related disease if something is not done. 1.It is cheaper to provide safe water and sanitation services in cities, where millions of people are gathered together, compared to thousands of scattered villages of only a few hundred people in each. 2.Linked to this is the fact that millions are leaving the rural areas and moving to the cities, increasing the urban problems. 3.Because of this concentration of people, there is a greater need for safe water and a greater risk of the spread of water related disease if something is not done.

Urban and Rural continued 4.Many Developing (Third World) countries spend heavily on improving their cities, because they are where tourists and foreign companies are most likely to be based – the cities are a showcase for that country in the eyes of the world – important for attracting overseas investments. 5.The greatest concentration of wealth and political power / influence is often in the cities, so something is more likely to be done there. 4.Many Developing (Third World) countries spend heavily on improving their cities, because they are where tourists and foreign companies are most likely to be based – the cities are a showcase for that country in the eyes of the world – important for attracting overseas investments. 5.The greatest concentration of wealth and political power / influence is often in the cities, so something is more likely to be done there.

Water and Health Water and Health

Water and Health Water related disease i.e. diseases where water plays an important part in the life cycle of the disease. Malaria Bilharzia Guinea Worm River Blindness Water borne disease i.e. diseases spread by contaminated water Cholera Typhoid Diarrhoea Water washed disease i.e. diseases spread by lack of water Trachoma Leprosy

Water and Health Water related disease i.e. diseases where water plays an important part in the life cycle of the disease. Malaria Bilharzia Guinea Worm River Blindness Water borne disease i.e. diseases spread by contaminated water Cholera Typhoid Diarrhoea Water washed disease i.e. diseases spread by lack of water Trachoma Leprosy

Example 1: Malaria, River Blindness, Snail Fever …diseases where water is used by the vectors carrying the disease e.g. as the breeding grounds for flies, mosquitoes, snails.

River Blindness is spread by flies which breed near fast flowing rivers

…a common sight in some west African countries

It has devastated communities across central Africa, leaving entire villages blind or near blind. Their ability to farm or do other work is obviously greatly reduced.

On the left, the result of Filariasis, another disease spread by insects which use water to breed in.

Aquatic snails, the carriers of the parasitic worms which are responsible for Bilharzia or Snail Fever (Schistosomiasis).

The worms leave the host snails and burrow their way into the body through soft skin or cuts. Once in the body they head for the liver and lungs, multiply, and release millions of eggs into the victim, damaging the bladder, liver and intestines.

High risk areas include any areas of slow-moving shallow water, such as irrigation ditches, paddy fields and water holes.

Water and Health Water related disease i.e. diseases where water plays an important part in the life cycle of the disease. Malaria Bilharzia Guinea Worm River Blindness Water borne disease i.e. diseases spread by contaminated water Diarrhoea Cholera Typhoid Water washed disease i.e. diseases spread by lack of water Trachoma Leprosy

Example 2: Diarrhoea, Cholera and Typhoid …water borne diseases i.e. diseases which are spread by contaminated water – where drinking water and sewage mix.

Overcrowded and unhealthy - shanty towns around the world allow such diseases to spread rapidly.

A basic long drop toilet, as used by half the world.

Diarrhoea These unsanitary conditions result in millions of deaths annually from diarrhoea, especially of children, whose small body weight can’t take the rapid dehydration which occurs. Diarrhoea can be treated easily – with rehydration salts and clean water, but usually there is none available. These unsanitary conditions result in millions of deaths annually from diarrhoea, especially of children, whose small body weight can’t take the rapid dehydration which occurs. Diarrhoea can be treated easily – with rehydration salts and clean water, but usually there is none available.

Open sewers and primitive toilet facilities are the breeding ground for diarrhoea, cholera and typhoid, often caused when drinking water and sewage mixes, for instance after flooding in the monsoon season.

Cholera was also a major killer in the British Isles. Glasgow, Edinburgh, Aberdeen and, most of all, London, had repeated epidemics, until the chlorination of water supplies and the building of piped sewage disposal and treatment systems. Ireland, too, suffered terribly from this disease. Cholera was also a major killer in the British Isles. Glasgow, Edinburgh, Aberdeen and, most of all, London, had repeated epidemics, until the chlorination of water supplies and the building of piped sewage disposal and treatment systems. Ireland, too, suffered terribly from this disease.

Water and Health Water related disease i.e. diseases where water plays an important part in the life cycle of the disease. Malaria Bilharzia Guinea Worm River Blindness Water borne disease i.e. diseases spread by contaminated water Cholera Typhoid Diarrhoea Water washed disease i.e. diseases spread by lack of water Trachoma Leprosy

Two children living in the slum city of "El Suburbio" suck on slices of mango. Unkempt and poorly clothed, they suffer with head lice and scabies, typical water-washed diseases. The limited water supply makes cleanliness a privilege that many such children will never know. Perhaps the greatest ever water washed disease was the Bubonic Plague which killed millions across Europe in the Middle Ages. This was spread by fleas carried by rats. Poor personal hygiene meant it thrived. Two children living in the slum city of "El Suburbio" suck on slices of mango. Unkempt and poorly clothed, they suffer with head lice and scabies, typical water-washed diseases. The limited water supply makes cleanliness a privilege that many such children will never know. Perhaps the greatest ever water washed disease was the Bubonic Plague which killed millions across Europe in the Middle Ages. This was spread by fleas carried by rats. Poor personal hygiene meant it thrived.