Chapter 34 Post-Cold War America

George Herbert Walker Bush George Bush, the Elder, became president in 1988, defeating Dem. Mike Dukakis, Gov. of Mass. George Bush, the Elder, became president in 1988, defeating Dem. Mike Dukakis, Gov. of Mass. Bush promised “no new taxes.” Bush promised “no new taxes.” During his administration the Cold War came to a screeching halt with the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe and the USSR. During his administration the Cold War came to a screeching halt with the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe and the USSR.

Panama In 1989, Bush sends troops to Panama to capture dictator Manuel Noriega, whose National Assembly declared a “state of war” on the U.S. In 1989, Bush sends troops to Panama to capture dictator Manuel Noriega, whose National Assembly declared a “state of war” on the U.S.

Persian Gulf War Iraq in debt because of war with Iran Iraq in debt because of war with Iran Aug 2, 1990 Aug 2, 1990 Saddam Hussein orders troops to seize Kuwait to take oil Saddam Hussein orders troops to seize Kuwait to take oil Threaten to take Saudi Arabia Threaten to take Saudi Arabia

1991 Persian Gulf War The U.N. and U.S. had set a deadline of January 15 for Iraqi withdrawal. Saddam refuses. The U.N. and U.S. had set a deadline of January 15 for Iraqi withdrawal. Saddam refuses. Bush gets support of UN and Congress to launch Operation Desert Storm Bush gets support of UN and Congress to launch Operation Desert Storm To liberate Kuwait To liberate Kuwait Jan 16, 1991 Jan 16, 1991 Massive air strikes on Iraq Massive air strikes on Iraq Feb 23 Feb 23 Launch ground troop into Iraq Launch ground troop into Iraq Hussein set the Kuwaiti oil fields on fire. Hussein set the Kuwaiti oil fields on fire. Feb 28 Feb 28 Bush announces war over Bush announces war over US WINS US WINS

“It’s the Economy, Stupid” Unemployment tops 6.1%. Unemployment tops 6.1% Proposed Budget is $1.4 Billion and the Deficit exceeds $300 Billion Proposed Budget is $1.4 Billion and the Deficit exceeds $300 Billion. Bush refused to admit a “recession.” Bush refused to admit a “recession.” The econ. downturn led to a wide field of Democratic candidates seeking to challenge Bush in Nov. The econ. downturn led to a wide field of Democratic candidates seeking to challenge Bush in Nov. Clinton’s campaign manager James Carville reminded him, “It’s the Economy, Stupid.” Clinton’s campaign manager James Carville reminded him, “It’s the Economy, Stupid.”

Election of 1992 Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton won the Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton won the Democratic nomination after allega- tions of marital infidelity and draft- dodging. He chose fellow southerner Al Gore as a running mate, winning several southern states. Texas Billionaire H. Ross Perot entered the race as an independent and won 19% of the popular vote, but NO electoral votes. Texas Billionaire H. Ross Perot entered the race as an independent and won 19% of the popular vote, but NO electoral votes. Issues included free trade, Bush’s failed Issues included free trade, Bush’s failed promise not to raise taxes, national promise not to raise taxes, national health care, character, and the national health care, character, and the national debt. debt.

1992 Electoral Map

William Jefferson Clinton Became the youngest President since Kennedy. ( ) Became the youngest President since Kennedy. ( ) 1 st President of “Baby Boomers” 1 st President of “Baby Boomers” “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” allows gays in the military. “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” allows gays in the military. Hillary Clinton is named to head a commission for universal health care, but her proposal fails in Congress. Hillary Clinton is named to head a commission for universal health care, but her proposal fails in Congress. NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) eliminates tariffs between U.S., Mexico and Canada. NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) eliminates tariffs between U.S., Mexico and Canada. Pro-NAFTA Pro-NAFTA Create jobs and help economy Create jobs and help economy Anti-NAFTA Anti-NAFTA Move jobs to Mexico Move jobs to Mexico Don’t follow US pollution laws Don’t follow US pollution laws

Clinton’s Foreign Policy Israel’s Yitzak Rabin and the PLO’s Yassir Arafat sign a peace accord. Israel’s Yitzak Rabin and the PLO’s Yassir Arafat sign a peace accord. Britain and N. Ireland sign a peace pact in Britain and N. Ireland sign a peace pact in Lifting of the embargo on trade with Vietnam. Lifting of the embargo on trade with Vietnam. Air strikes against Iraq in Air strikes against Iraq in 1998.

Foreign Policy Challenges Bosnia suffered conflict from Serbs who began “ethnic cleansing” Bosnia suffered conflict from Serbs who began “ethnic cleansing” Serbs (Christian) killed Bosnians (Muslim) Serbs (Christian) killed Bosnians (Muslim) 1995 Clinton sends troops to enforce a peace 1995 Clinton sends troops to enforce a peace Air strikes on Kosovo after Yugoslavian Air strikes on Kosovo after Yugoslavian Pres. Slobodan Milosevic conducted genocide Pres. Slobodan Milosevic conducted genocide Serbs attack Albanians in Kosovo Serbs attack Albanians in Kosovo US and NATO use air strikes to push Serbs out US and NATO use air strikes to push Serbs out

You Tube: “Behind Enemy Lines” Trailer

Politics Republicans Control Congress Republicans Control Congress Congressman Newt Gingrich tries bring anti-Clinton voters to Republicans Congressman Newt Gingrich tries bring anti-Clinton voters to Republicans Wrote Contract with America Wrote Contract with America 10 items promised to get done if Republican won control of Congress 10 items promised to get done if Republican won control of Congress 1994 election 1994 election Republicans got control of both houses Republicans got control of both houses Congress refused to pass many Clinton laws Congress refused to pass many Clinton laws Clinton wins a landslide re- election in 1996 against Senate Majority Leader Bob Dole. Clinton wins a landslide re- election in 1996 against Senate Majority Leader Bob Dole.

Scandal While investigating Whitewater, Ken Starr uncovered a relationship that Clinton had with a White House intern, Monica Lewinski. While investigating Whitewater, Ken Starr uncovered a relationship that Clinton had with a White House intern, Monica Lewinski. When it was discovered that Clinton lied about the relationship under oath in the Paula Jones civil case, the Republican Congress moved to impeach Clinton. When it was discovered that Clinton lied about the relationship under oath in the Paula Jones civil case, the Republican Congress moved to impeach Clinton. Although the House impeached Clinton on two counts of perjury and subborning perjury, a vote in the Senate acquitted him of the charges. Although the House impeached Clinton on two counts of perjury and subborning perjury, a vote in the Senate acquitted him of the charges. Clinton is the 2 nd President to be impeached (after Andrew Johnson) Clinton is the 2 nd President to be impeached (after Andrew Johnson)

1990s Economy 1998: Federal Budget Surplus for the first time in 30 years. 1998: Federal Budget Surplus for the first time in 30 years. Unemployment was down to a 24 year low. Unemployment was down to a 24 year low. Stock market soared in “bull market”. Stock market soared in “bull market”. The NYSE broke 10,000 barrier. The NYSE broke 10,000 barrier. The economic boom was based largely on the NASDAQ tech stocks such as “dotcoms.” The economic boom was based largely on the NASDAQ tech stocks such as “dotcoms.” Consumer confidence at a 30 year high. Consumer confidence at a 30 year high.

Monetary Policy Federal Reserve Chair Alan Greenspan was very influential in the economic boom of the 1990s. ( ) Federal Reserve Chair Alan Greenspan was very influential in the economic boom of the 1990s. ( ) Loose monetary policy = lowering interest rates and increasing money in circulation to inspire consumer spending. (jump-starting the economy) Loose monetary policy = lowering interest rates and increasing money in circulation to inspire consumer spending. (jump-starting the economy) Tight monetary policy = increasing interest rates and decreasing money in circulation to discourage consumer spending. (applying the breaks to the economy) Tight monetary policy = increasing interest rates and decreasing money in circulation to discourage consumer spending. (applying the breaks to the economy)

Election of 2000 Clinton’s VP Al Gore. won the Dem. nomination Clinton’s VP Al Gore. won the Dem. nomination TX Gov. George W. Bush, son of the former president, won the Rep. nomination. TX Gov. George W. Bush, son of the former president, won the Rep. nomination. The election ended in a stalemate in Florida, where Democrats demanded a recount. The election ended in a stalemate in Florida, where Democrats demanded a recount. New words: hanging chad, dimpled chad, pregnant chad, and butterfly ballots. New words: hanging chad, dimpled chad, pregnant chad, and butterfly ballots.

Election of 2000 After weeks of indecision, the Supreme Court ordered (Bush v. Gore) an end to the manual recount because they were not uniform, effectively awarding the electoral votes to Bush. After weeks of indecision, the Supreme Court ordered (Bush v. Gore) an end to the manual recount because they were not uniform, effectively awarding the electoral votes to Bush. Court said this was the only time this could apply Court said this was the only time this could apply Although Gore still won the popular vote, Bush won the electoral vote and became president. Although Gore still won the popular vote, Bush won the electoral vote and became president. This is only the 4 th time in U.S. history this has happened. (others: Adams in 1824, Hayes in 1876, and Harrison in This is only the 4 th time in U.S. history this has happened. (others: Adams in 1824, Hayes in 1876, and Harrison in 1888.

2000 Electoral Map

Terrorism and Striking Back After the attack on the World Trade Center in NYC and the Pentagon in D.C., Bush’s foreign and domestic policy centered on anti-terrorism and national security. After the attack on the World Trade Center in NYC and the Pentagon in D.C., Bush’s foreign and domestic policy centered on anti-terrorism and national security. After 9/11, the U.S. sent troops to Afghanistan, toppling to Al- Quaeda-friendly Taliban regime, and then to Iraq, ending Saddam Hussein’s rule. After 9/11, the U.S. sent troops to Afghanistan, toppling to Al- Quaeda-friendly Taliban regime, and then to Iraq, ending Saddam Hussein’s rule. Claimed there were WMDs in Iraq Claimed there were WMDs in Iraq Evidence now shows there were no way Saddam could have them Evidence now shows there were no way Saddam could have them

You Tube: 60 Minutes- The Hunt for Bin Ladin

A New World: President George W. Bush’s Foreign Policy Declares that any countries who harbor terrorists are apart of the Axis of Evil Declares that any countries who harbor terrorists are apart of the Axis of Evil North Korea, Iraq and Iran North Korea, Iraq and Iran Creates Department of Homeland Security Creates Department of Homeland Security Merges over 20 defense and intelligence agencies into one department Merges over 20 defense and intelligence agencies into one department The Patriot Act The Patriot Act The Act increases the ability of law enforcement agencies to search telephone, communications, medical, financial and other records; The Act increases the ability of law enforcement agencies to search telephone, communications, medical, financial and other records; Eases restrictions on foreign intelligence gathering within the United States; Eases restrictions on foreign intelligence gathering within the United States; Expands the Secretary of the Treasury’s authority to regulate financial transactions Expands the Secretary of the Treasury’s authority to regulate financial transactions Enhances the discretion of law enforcement and immigration authorities in detaining and deporting immigrants suspected of terrorism-related acts Enhances the discretion of law enforcement and immigration authorities in detaining and deporting immigrants suspected of terrorism-related acts

Domestic Issues Passes No Child Left Behind Passes No Child Left Behind Meant to create standards for hiring teachers, high stakes testing in core subjects, and school options for parents Meant to create standards for hiring teachers, high stakes testing in core subjects, and school options for parents Passed $350million in tax cuts for the upper class Passed $350million in tax cuts for the upper class MANY Business scandals occur that send the economy going down MANY Business scandals occur that send the economy going down ENRON, Lymen Brothers, Washington-Mutual ENRON, Lymen Brothers, Washington-Mutual

Important “Firsts” Maya Angelou: 1 st woman and black to speak at an inauguration (Clinton) Maya Angelou: 1 st woman and black to speak at an inauguration (Clinton) Madeleine Albright: 1 st Female Secretary of State (Clinton) Madeleine Albright: 1 st Female Secretary of State (Clinton) Janet Reno: 1 st Female Attorney General (Clinton) Janet Reno: 1 st Female Attorney General (Clinton) Colin Powell: 1st black Secretary of State (G.W. Bush) Condoleeza Rice: 1st black female Secretary of State (G.W. Bush) Hillary Clinton: 1 st First Lady to win election (NY)

The New Economy NASDAQ NASDAQ A technology dominated stock index on Wall Street rose huge during the mid to late 90s A technology dominated stock index on Wall Street rose huge during the mid to late 90s Many of the online businesses failed and many companies went bankrupt causing the NASDAQ to drop from Many of the online businesses failed and many companies went bankrupt causing the NASDAQ to drop from

The Information Age Information Superhighway Information Superhighway Linking people together through communication devices Linking people together through communication devices By 2003 By million people used 131 million people used By 2002 By % of public schools had Internet access 92% of public schools had Internet access People can work out of their homes now because of all types of technology available to them People can work out of their homes now because of all types of technology available to them Telecommuting Telecommuting

International Trade By 1995 international trade accounted for ¼ of our economy By 1995 international trade accounted for ¼ of our economy GAAT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) GAAT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) The US and several other nations agreed to lower tariffs The US and several other nations agreed to lower tariffs Establish the World Trade Organization (WTO) Establish the World Trade Organization (WTO) Purpose to resolve trade disputes Purpose to resolve trade disputes