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Presentation Outlines Concepts of Social Inclusion and Social Exclusion Conceptual Shift and Dimensions Key Issues of GESI Key Focuses of Periodic Plans Key Interventions in Response to GESI and Social Protection Challenges, Opportunities and Gap Concluding Observations

1. Concepts of Social Inclusion and Social Exclusion

1. Concepts of Social Inclusion A definition of social inclusion A socially inclusive society is defined as one where all people feel valued, their differences are respected, and their basic needs are met so they can live in dignity. Social inclusion, community inclusion, social connectedness, normalisation, social integration, social citizenship - all these are terms that relate to the importance of the links between the individual members of our society and the role of each person as a member of this group Source: Website – Social Inclusion

The values Underlined in Social Inclusion Everyone Is Ready – None of us has to pass a test to be included. Everyone Can Learn –We are all capable of learning Everyone Needs Support - Sometimes some of us need more support than others. Everyone Can Communicate Together We Are Better – Difference is our most important renewable resource. Everyone Can Contribute – Value each person’s contributions - including our own Source: Adjusted from Scottish Human Services Trust (2005)

Social Exclusion Social exclusion is the process of being shut out from the social, economic, political and cultural systems which contribute to the integration of a person into the community (Cappo 2002). The failure of society to provide certain individuals and groups with those rights and benefits normally available to its members, such as employment, adequate housing, health care, education and training, etc. Source: Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged © HarperCollins Publishers 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003

2. Conceptual Shift and Dimensions

Conceptual Shift Social Security Social Protection Social Inclusion

Dimensions of Social Exclusion Gender Caste/ Ethnicity Poverty Remoteness Empowerment

3. Key Issues of Gender and Social Inclusion

GESI sf d"n ;jfnx? s] s] x'g ;S5g\ < GESI Groups Issues Women’s empowerment and gender equality Mainstreaming, Equality and equity ... Ethnic groups Culture, Language, Recognition. .... Madhesi Identity, Mainstreaming .... Dalits Poverty, Untouchability, ….. Muslim Religion, Minority, Poverty, …….. PWDs, Senior Citizen, children, endangered nationalities Social Protection, ..... Remote and marginalized areas Economic and Infrastructural Development ..

4. Key Focuses of Periodic Plans

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5. Key Interventions in Response to GESI and Social Protection

Key Responses to Social Inclusion and Protection 1. Sixth Plan (1980-85): Incorporation of women’s development 2. July 1994: UML govt. identification of 16 deprived groups 3. July 1995: Congress govt. identification of 12 deprived groups 4. Ninth Plan (1997-2002): Sections on Indigenous Groups and Downtrodden Community without identification 5. 1997: National Committee for Development of Nationalities (NCDN)

6. 1997: Committee for Upliftment of Downtrodden, Oppressed and Dalit Classes (CUDODC) 7. 2002: Upgrading of NCDN to National Foundation for Development of Indigenous Nationalities (NFDIN) 8. 2002: National Women Commission (NWC) 9. 2002: National Dalit Commission (NDC) 10. August 2003: Road map policies on economic and social transformation 11. January 2004: Committee on Reservation Recommendation October 2004: Policy announcement on job reservation ……………..

6. Challenges, Opportunities and Gap

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Understanding the “Implementation Gap” Law Policy Institutional capacity Functional commitment from development partners and national actors Result oriented program interventions Project cycle – participation, ownership and sustainability Benefit sharing Planning – Implementation – Participation – Ownership – Results to the needy ones - REALIZATION Understanding the “Implementation Gap” Not just “weak institutional capacity” But also a form of elite resistance to changes in the rules of the game that would reduce their power and challenge their self-identity. Requires long term commitment from development partners. Will not happen in a typical 3 year project or program cycle Also really helps to have different agencies working together on the issue so that you can tap into the comparative advantage of different actors in the process. For example, the Bank is restricted in doing much with political parties, but DFID can. An important part of closing the implementation gap is paying careful attention to the informal processes, networks and norms that have supported the current power configuration. Without changing these, real inclusion is unlikely to happen.

7. Concluding Observations on Results

Concluding Observations on Results Getting good momentum in national and local agenda 10th Plan onwards – moving towards Rights based approach Economic Issues – cross cut all dimensions of social exclusion Targeted programs may increase dependency but need to improve with strategic actions Targeted Programs Welfare vs Rights based approach Social Inclusion perspective in all project/program cycles - Needs value to bring positive, faster and better results

… Concluding Observations on Results Unbundling law, policy, program, issues and appropriate interventions – MUST TO GEAR THE THRUSTS Generating disaggregated information, and need to use them properly. Attitudes of decision makers/elite resistance Elites of GESI – trap ….CHAKRABYUHA – needs to improve Needs both tangible and intangible interventions to bring better and faster results – SOCIAL, POLITICAL and ECOMONIC EMPOWERMENT

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