Islamic University of Gaza Faculty of Nursing Growth and Development Nurs. 321 First lecture Ali Hassan Abu Ryala 2013-2014

Introduction Human growth and development are orderly, predictable processes beginning with conception and continuing until death. All persons progress through definite phases of growth and development from simple to complex, and highly individualized rate It is the ability to progress through each developmental phase influences the holistic health of individual. The success or failure experienced within a phase may affect the ability to compete subsequent phase.

Introduction...cont If individuals experience repeated developmental failures, inadequacies may result. When individual experiences repeated successes, health is promoted. Understanding normal growth and development help nurses predict, prevent, and detect any deviation from client’s normal expected patterns. A clear understanding of those patterns assists the nurse in planning questions for health screening, health history, and health teaching for client of all ages.

As infants and children grow and mature, they pass through predictable stages of development. Knowledge and assessment of growth and development help the nurse provide screening for physical and emotional problems. Offer anticipatory guidance to parents and caregivers. Develop a relationship with the child to enhance the provision of health care. provide education to the family to build a healthy lifestyle for the future.

Definitions

Growth Growth is a series of anatomical and physiological changes which after the body’s size and composition. Growth is an increase in size by multiplication of cells, and increase in numbers and intracellular substance. It is a continuous process although the rate of growth is far more obvious during the first year of life than any other time. Growth is measurable.

Development Development refers to the continuous process of unfolding and explanation of behavior which is results from the interaction between human organism and environment over the life. Development is a maturation of organs and systems. Development is gaining of skills, ability of adaptation, assume responsibilities, Development is not measurable Learning is concerned in development although it is not the same.

DEVELOPMENTAL SCREENING Assessment tools have been created to determine the overall developmental age of a child or to detect specific areas of development that are lacking. The most widely used developmental screening tool is the Denver II Developmental Screening Test (Denver II). This tool provides for a quick overview of development in children from birth to age 6 years and identifies areas of strength and weakness relative to age norms.

Another method for developmental screening involves interviewing the parent or caregiver about attainment of developmental milestones. Persistent deficits or deficits in multiple areas indicate a more serious problem than deficits in a single area.

Maturation Maturation is the process of aging. Involves individual’s biological ability, physiological condition, and desire to learn more mature behavior To mature, individual may have to give up previous behavior and learning, integrate new pattern into existing behavior, or both. Maturation influences the sequence and timing of changes associated with growth and development. For example: The infant relinquishes crawling for walking because walking permits more extensive investigation of environment and more learning. :يتخلى عن حقrelinquishes

Differentiation It is the process by which cells and structure become modified and develop more refined characteristic. It is simple-to-complex development of activities and functions. For example: Empryonal cells begin as vagus and undifferentiated and develop into complex, highly diversified cells, tissues and organs.

Major Factors Affecting Growth and Development The human being is complex, open system, influenced by natural forces from within and from the environment.

Major Factors Affecting Growth and Development...cont Forces of Nature Heredity *it is responsible for characteristics of pattern growth, some familiar diseases Temperament

Major Factors Affecting Growth and Development...cont External forces Family *sleep, rest, and exercise (bed ridden vs. healthy child) Peer group *state of health Life experiences *living environment Health environment Prenatal health Nutrition *deficiencies produce growth defects, as rickets Injury and illness *occurring during birth or later, can affect G&D through damage they cause vital organs

Principals of Development Development is a continues process Development depends primarily on the maturation of nervous system. The sequence of the development is much the same for all the children but the rate will vary from child to child. The direction of development is in the head to feet cephalocaudal direction. Development involves differentiation of behavior. Generalized mass activity gives way to specific individual response.

Domains of Development Physical Social Emotional Intellectual Cognitive

The Descending Stages of Life Conception Uterine life (0-9 month) Infancy (birth –1year) Early childhood (1-6 years) Late childhood (6-12 years) Adolescence (12-20 years) Young adulthood (20-40 years) Middle age (40-65 years) Old age (over 65years) Death

Theory Organized and logical set of statements about a subject, frameworks to clarify, to make sense of. Human Development Theory: Models intended to account for how and why people become who they are, tries to explain and predict human behavior.

Offers logic for observations and explanations How and why people act Why study theory? Provides a framework Offers logic for observations and explanations How and why people act Important for nurses to combine theory, practice, and research Nurses assess responses to illness and treatments

Offer insight and guidance What Do Theories Do? Offer insight and guidance Provide framework for acquiring new knowledge Enhance communication of new knowledge.

Developmental Theories Four areas of Theory Development Biophysical Development Psychoanalytic/ psychosocial development Cognitive development Moral development

Each theory describes the development stages and the tasks that should be accomplished in each stage from perspective of the theorist.

Significance Help pediatric nurse to follow the development tasks that the child should accomplish in his development stage and assists him/her in accomplishing them.

Developmental Theories

Biophysical Development Theory Attempts to describe the way our physical body grow and change. These changes are quantified and can compare against established norms. Biological influences on development include many factors such as genetic, exposure e to teratogens (infections, maternal disease, substance abuse, environmental chemicals, or other hazardous substance).

Psychoanalytic/ Psychosocial Development Theory Attempts to describe the development of the human personality, behavior, and emotions. This development occurs with varying degrees of influence from internal biological forces and external societal/ cultural forces. These theories each have stages that the children go through while attempting to resolve conflict between biological drives and social forces.

Cognitive Theory of Development. Is focused on reasoning and thinking processes, including the changes in how people come to perform intellectual operations These operations related to the way how persons learn to understand the world in which they live. Mental process; including perceiving, reasoning, remembering, believing, and permit certain type of emotional behavior. Example: the young child will have a different emotional reaction to the death of grandparents as compared to an old sibling or a parent.

Moral Theory of Development. Focuses on discretion of moral reasoning which is (how people think about the rules of ethical or moral conduct but doses not predict what a person would actually do in a given situation). Moral development is the ability of an individual to distinguish right from wrong and develop ethical values on which to base his/her action

Questions???? Thank You All