Warm-Up / EOC Prep 1. How similar are Chimp DNA and Human DNA? A 56% B 74% C 87% D 98% 2. Evidence of evolution includes: A cave drawings, ancient stories, and ceremonial rites Bhomologous structures, DNA, and embryonic evidence Ceukaryotes, symbiosis, and competition Dnephrons, antibodies, and homeostasis

Agenda Warm-Up Notes Resistance Worksheet Finish Vocab Table Peppered Moth Lab Clean-Up Cool-Down

Announcements Evolution Quiz- next Thursday

Evolution Day 4 Review and Resistance

2 Early Views of Evolution Lamark (wrong) Darwin (right)

Lamark believed: Organisms have a desire to change (if a giraffe wants a long neck, he can try hard and get one) Use and disuse mattered Physical traits (i.e. neck length or strength) could be passed to offspring

CHARLES DARWIN From Britain Sailed around the world on a ship called the HMS Beagle Published On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection, 30 years after he got back.

3 MAJOR FACTORS INFLUENCING DARWIN 1. The age of the earth (Lyell) 2. Population controls (Malthus) 3. Breeding programs-aka Artificial Selection (Farmers)

Blind salamander

ARTIFICIAL SELECTION Humans make sure that only individuals with more desirable traits produce offspring

Natural Selection: If variation of a trait within a population has a genetic basis, and some variants have greater survival and reproduction, then, over time, the favored trait will predominate in the population.

SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST Individuals whose traits are well suited to the environment survive and reproduce. Those who aren’t suited, die!!! (or leave fewer offspring)

PEPPERED MOTHS: NATURAL SELECTION IN ACTION!

LOOK AT THE MOTHS BELOW AND PREDICT THE TYPE OF HABITAT THEY WOULD LIVE IN

PEPPER MOTHS pre-industrialization Which moth would be more fit? WHY???

PEPPER MOTHS post-industrialization Which moth would be more fit? WHY???

On what does natural selection operate? PHENOTYPIC VARIATION What is the cause of Phenotypic Variation? 1. 1.GENETIC MUTATIONS 2. 2.CROSSING OVER (sexual reproduciton)

GENE POOL a common group of genes shared by a population

POPULATION a collection of individuals of the same species in a given area that can breed with one another

NICHE the combination of an organism’s habitat and its job or role in that habitat

NO TWO SPECIES CAN OCCUPY THE SAME NICHE FOR VERY LONG!!!

WHAT HAPPENS IF 2 SPECIES OCCUPY THE SAME NICHE FOR LONG? EXTINCTION EVOLUTION or

DIVERGENT EVOLUTION (aka Adaptive Radiation) different species diverge from a common ancestor

CONVERGENT EVOLUTION creation of organisms that are similar in appearance and behavior (bats, birds, butterflies)

Applications of Evolution 1)Pesticide Resistance 2) Antibiotic Resistance

Pesticides are chemicals that kill insects. They are often sprayed on crops to keep bugs from eating them.

Occasionally, an insect may have a variation that allows him to survive being sprayed with pesticide. This insect is called pesticide resistant.

Resistance is the ability of an organism to withstand a harmful agent.

Pesticide resistant insects will survive being sprayed with the chemical and will reproduce with other surviving, pesticide resistance insects. This will create a new generation of insects that carry the pesticide resistance gene.

Insects that are not killed by pesticides can cause several problems: 1. Decreased food supply: If insects are not killed by the pesticides, then they will be able to eat the crops. More generations of resistance insects will eat more and more crops. Farmers will lose money and less food will be available.

2. Disease: Sometimes pesticides are sprayed to kill insects that carry disease.

Malaria is a deadly disease that is spread by mosquitoes. Mosquitoes that carry malaria were killed by spraying them with DDT. Over time, mosquitoes developed resistance to DDT. DDT was no longer a useful chemical for killing mosquitoes.

Often, bacterial infections are treated with antibiotics. Antibiotics kill the bacteria.

If a bacteria is resistant to the antibiotics, then it will live and pass its resistant genes on to the next generation. Some infections cannot be treated with antibiotics because the bacteria are resistant. Some examples are tuberculosis, malaria, and ear infections.

When you take an antibiotic, you usually have to take it for several days. On the first few days, you may kill a few of the “least fit” bacteria. After a few more days, you have killed most of the bacteria and only the strongest ones are left.

You must continue to take the antibiotics for the full time to kill all of the bacteria. If you do not take all of your antibiotics, then you are leaving the strongest bacteria alive to reproduce.

It is time consuming, difficult, and expensive to produce new antibiotics for these stronger bacteria.

Peppered Moth Lab Every person needs –One sheet of notebook paper –Writing utensil Each pair needs –One bag of hole punches –One whiteboard

Rules for Picking up the Moths DO –Pick them up with two fingers one at a time. –Only use ONE hand at a time. DO NOT –Swipe the moths into your hand. –Pick up more than one at a time. –Turn the whiteboard up to “dump” them into your hand. –MAKE A MESS!

Your paper should have this on it… On the Whiteboard Trial Number Black “moths” White “moths” Total Number On the Black Table Trial Number Black “moths” White “moths” Total Number Count the number of “moths” you can pick up in 15 seconds. Repeat for a total of 5 times on each colored surface. Try to pick up as many as possible!

Answer these questions on your paper… 1.What moth was picked up more on the black table? 2.What moth was picked up more on the whiteboard? 3.Which moth was better adapted to live on the dark environment? 4.Which moth was better adapted to live on the light environment? Don’t forget your name & TURN IT IN before you leave!

Clean-Up Make sure all the paper is back in the bags and NOT on the floor! I need them for the next period.

Warm-Up / EOC Prep 1. A chart of human chromosome pairs is called a karyotype. What information is revealed in the karyotype above? A. Gene dominance B. The age C. The sex D. Trisomy 2. The DNA fingerprints were made from blood samples taken from a puppy and four possible sires of this puppy in an effort to determine the puppy’s pedigree. According to this information, which sire was probably the father of this puppy? A BCD

Agenda Warm-Up Evidence of Evolution Flip Flop Origin of Life & Evolution Video Clean-Up Cool-Down

Announcements Evolution Quiz- Next Thursday