September 15, Digital System Architecture Course Introduction and Overview Pradondet Nilagupta Spring 2001 (original notes from Randy Katz, UC Berkeley)

September 15, Digital System Architecture2 Course Info Lecturer:Pradondet Nilagupta Homepage: l Phone: ext 1401 office:rm.1102 Building 1 Engineering Faculty Office hours:Mon. 4-6 PM. or make an appointment Lecture hr:Mon. 6-9 PM.

September 15, Digital System Architecture3 References Textbook Main Textbook (required) –Computer Architecture a Quantitative Approach 2 nd Edition, John L. Hennessy, David A. Patterson, Morgan Kaufmann Supplement Text –Advance Computer Architectures A design Space Approach, Dezso Sima, Terence Fountain, Peter Kacsuk, Addison- Wesley, 1997 –Computer System Design and Architecture, Vincent P. Heuring, Harry F. Jordan, Addison-Wesley –Computer Organization, V. Carl Hamacher, Zvonko G. Vranesic, Safwat G. Zaky,, McGraw-Hill, –Computer Architecture, Robert J. Baron, Lee Higbie, Addison Wesley 1992.

September 15, Digital System Architecture4 Grading 25% Homeworks 30% MidtermExam 30% Final Exam 15% Paper Presentation

September 15, Digital System Architecture5 Topic Coverage Fundamentals of Computer Architecture (Chapter 1) Instruction Set Architecture (Chapter 2) Pipelining and Instructional Level Parallelism (Chapter 3, 4) Memory Hierarchy (Chapter 5) Input/Output and Storage (Chapter 6) Computer Arithmetic (Appendix A) Vector Processors Interconnection Network Multiprocessor

September 15, Digital System Architecture6 Related Courses Digital & Org. Digital & Org. Comp. Arch. Comp. Arch. Parallel How to build it Implementation details Why, Analysis, Evaluation Parallel Architectures, Languages, Systems Strong Prerequisite Basic knowledge of the organization of a computer is assumed!

September 15, Digital System Architecture7 Course Focus To Understand the design techniques, machine structures, technology factors, evaluation methods that will determine the form of computers in 21st Century Technology Programming Languages Operating Systems History Applications Interface Design (Inst. Set Arch.) Measurement & Evaluation Parallelism Computer Architecture: Instruction Set Design Organization Hardware

September 15, Digital System Architecture8 Computer Architecture Is … the attributes of a [computing] system as seen by the programmer, i.e., the conceptual structure and functional behavior, as distinct from the organization of the data flows and controls the logic design, and the physical implementation. Amdahl, Blaaw, and Brooks, 1964 SOFTWARE

September 15, Digital System Architecture9 Computer Architecture’s Changing Definition 1950s to 1960s: Computer Architecture Course: Computer Arithmetic 1970s to mid 1980s: Computer Architecture Course: Instruction Set Design, especially ISA appropriate for compilers 1990s: Computer Architecture Course: Design of CPU, memory system, I/O system, Multiprocessors, Networks 2010s: Computer Architecture Course: Self adapting systems? Self organizing structures? DNA Systems/Quantum Computing?

September 15, Digital System Architecture10 Computer Architecture Topics (1/2) Instruction Set Architecture Pipelining, Hazard Resolution, Superscalar, Reordering, Prediction, Speculation Addressing, Protection, Exception Handling L1 Cache L2 Cache DRAM Disks, WORM, Tape Coherence, Bandwidth, Latency Emerging Technologies Interleaving Bus protocols RAID VLSI Input/Output and Storage Memory Hierarchy Pipelining and Instruction Level Parallelism

September 15, Digital System Architecture11 Computer Architecture Topics (2/2) M Interconnection Network S PMPMPMP … Topologies, Routing, Bandwidth, Latency, Reliability Processor-Memory-Switch Multiprocessors Networks and Interconnections

September 15, Digital System Architecture12 Throughout this text we will focus on optimizing machine cost per performance

September 15, Digital System Architecture13 The Task of Computer Designer determine what attribute are important for a new machine design a machine to maximize cost performance What are these Task? instruction set design function organization logic design implementation –IC design, packaging, power, cooling….

September 15, Digital System Architecture14 Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) refer to actual programmer visible instruction set serve as the boundary between software and hardware must be designed to survive changes in hardware technology, software technology, and application characteristic. i.e. 80xx, 68xxx,80x86

September 15, Digital System Architecture15 Organization and Hardware (1/2) organization includes high-level aspect of computer design such as –memory system –bus structure –internal CPU arithmetic, logic, branch, data transfer are implemented i.e.. SPARC2, SPARC 20 has same instruction set but different organization

September 15, Digital System Architecture16 Organization and Hardware (2/2) Hardware used to refer to specific of a machine –detailed logic design –packaging technology of machine machine identical ISA and nearly identical organization but they differs in detailed hardware implementation i.e. 2 version of Silicon Graphics Indy differ in clock rate and in detailed cache structure

September 15, Digital System Architecture17 Choosing between 2 designs What should the computer architect aware of in choosing between two designs? –design complexity complex design take longer to complete, this means a design will need to have higher performance to be competitive –design time both hardware and software

September 15, Digital System Architecture18 Computer Engineering Methodology Technology Trends

September 15, Digital System Architecture19 Computer Engineering Methodology Evaluate Existing Systems for Bottlenecks Technology Trends Benchmarks

September 15, Digital System Architecture20 Computer Engineering Methodology Evaluate Existing Systems for Bottlenecks Simulate New Designs and Organizations Technology Trends Benchmarks Workloads

September 15, Digital System Architecture21 Computer Engineering Methodology Evaluate Existing Systems for Bottlenecks Simulate New Designs and Organizations Implement Next Generation System Technology Trends Benchmarks Workloads Implementation Complexity

September 15, Digital System Architecture22 Early Computing 1946:ENIAC, us Army, 18,000 Vacuum Tubes 1949:UNIVAC I, $250K, 48 systems sold 1954:IBM 701, Core Memory 1957:Moving Head Disk 1958:Transistor, FORTRAN, ALGOL, CDC & DEC Founded 1964:IBM 360, CDC 6600, DEC PDP :UNIX 1970:FLOPPY DISK 1981: IBM PC, 1st Successful Portable (Osborne1) 1986:Connection Machine, MAX Headroom Debut

September 15, Digital System Architecture23 Generation Evolutionary Parallelism YearLogicStorageProg. Lang.O/S 54Tubescore (8 ms) 58Transistor (10 ต s)FORTRAN 60ALGOL, COBOLBatch 64Hybrid (1 ต s)thin film (200ns)Lisp, APL, Basic 66IC (100ns)PL/1, Simula,C 67Multiprog. 71LSI (10ns)1k DRAMO.O.V.M. 73 (8-bit ต P) 75(16-bit ต P)4k DRAM 78VLSI (10ns)16k DRAMNetworks 8064k DRAM 84(32-bit ต P)256k DRAMADA 87ULSI1M DRAM 89GAs4M DRAMC++ 92(64-bit ต P)16M DRAMFortran90 Underlying Technologies

September 15, Digital System Architecture24 Context for Designing New Architectures Application Area –Special Purpose (e.g., DSP) / General Purpose –Scientific (FP intensive) / Commercial Level of Software Compatibility –Object Code/Binary Compatible (cost HW vs. SW) –Assembly Language (dream to be different from binary) –Programming Language; Why not?

September 15, Digital System Architecture25 Context for Designing New Architectures Operating System Requirements for General Purpose Applications – Size of Address Space – Memory Management/Protection – Context Switch – Interrupts and Traps Standards: Innovation vs. Competition –IEEE 754 Floating Point –I/O Bus –Networks –Operating Systems / Programming Languages

September 15, Digital System Architecture26 Predictions for the Late 1990s (1/2) Technology –Very large dynamic RAM: 64 MBits and beyond –Large fast Static RAM: 1 MB, 10ns Complete systems on a chip –10+ Million Transistors Parallelism –Superscalar, Superpipeline, Vector, Multiprocessors –Processor Arrays

September 15, Digital System Architecture27 Predictions for the Late 1990s (2/2) Low Power –50% of PCs portable by 1995 –Performance per watt Parallel I/O –Many applications I/O limited, not computation –Computation scaling, but memory, I/O bandwidth not keeping pace Multimedia –New interface technologies –Video, speech, handwriting, virtual reality, …