To prevent cavitation: A phenomenon which occurs within a moving liquid when the static pressure at some location falls to or below the vapor pressure of the liquid. To prevent cavitation: NPSHA > NPSHR Quadna – Engineering Innovative Solutions for Industrial Applications Cavitation 1

Cavitation Quadna – Engineering Innovative Solutions for Industrial Applications 2

Quadna Field Installation Cavitation – Impeller Cavitation can occur at the inlet of the impeller if the suction pressure falls below the liquid vapor pressure. Quadna – Engineering Innovative Solutions for Industrial Applications Cavitation - Impeller Quadna Field Installation Expert Field Installation Including Start-up and Commissioning Field Service Field Service Expert Field Installation Including Start-up and Commissioning Quadna Field Installation

Quadna Field Installation Cavitation – Impeller Large vapor volumes can cause reduction in head generation, or loss of prime. Bubbles collapsing create intense pressures and (10,000 psi) shock waves. Intense pressures near metal surfaces exceed material strength and fatigue metals. Creates pitted surfaces. Large vapor volumes can cause surging and unstable flows. Quadna – Engineering Innovative Solutions for Industrial Applications Cavitation - Impeller Quadna Field Installation Expert Field Installation Including Start-up and Commissioning Field Service Field Service Expert Field Installation Including Start-up and Commissioning Quadna Field Installation

Cavitation is NOT AIR in the PUMP! Cavitation is caused by liquid changing into a vapor and then back into a liquid. The Formation of partial vacuums in a flowing liquid as a result of the separation its parts. When These collapse, pitting or other damage is Caused on metal surface in contact. Cavitation is NOT AIR in the PUMP! There are two forms of cavitation: Suction Cavitation, which occurs at the eye of the impeller, (also referred to as “true cavitation”. Discharge Cavitation, which occurs at the tip of the impeller, (also referred to as recirculation cavitation). Quadna 5

What Damage Does Discharge Cavitation Cause? Break Shafts Shortens Bearing Life Destroys Impellers and Volutes Ruins Mechanical Seals Total Dynamic Head Too “HIGH” Quadna 6

What Damage Does Suction Cavitation Cause? Shortens Bearing Life (Increased radial & thrust loads) Destroys Impellers Destroys Wear Plates Ruins Mechanical Seals (Vibration & thrust loads) Total Dynamic Suction Lift Too “HIGH” Discharge Head Too “LOW” Quadna 7

Chemical Attack Abrasive Wear Discharge Cavitation Suction Cavitation Quadna 8

Shaft Breakage Problems Radial Fatigue Break Total Dynamic Head Too “High” Air (Hydraulic Imbalance) Mechanical Imbalance Torsional Break (Twisting Break) Pump Lock-UP Reverse Rotation (Open Check Valve) Short Cycling Quadna 9