Explain the accounting for unexpected gains and losses. 8. Explain the corridor approach to amortizing gains and losses. 9.Describe the requirements for reporting pension plans in financial statements. (SELF-STUDY) 10. Identify the differences between pensions and postretirement healthcare benefits. 11. Contrast accounting for pensions to accounting for other postretirement benefits. 12. Contrast accounting for pensions under GAAP and IFRS (SELF-STUDY) After studying this chapter, you should be able to: LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. 1.Distinguish between accounting for the employer’s pension plan and accounting for the pension fund. (SELF-STUDY) 2. 2.Identify types of pension plans and their characteristics. (SELF-STUDY) 3. 3.Explain alternative measures for valuing the pension obligation List the components of pension expense Use a worksheet for employer’s pension plan entries. 6.Describe the amortization of prior service costs. Accounting for Pensions and Postretirement Benefits 20

20-2 PREVIEW OF CHAPTER 20

Describe the amortization of prior service costs. 7.Explain the accounting for unexpected gains and losses. 8.Explain the corridor approach to amortizing gains and losses. 9.Describe the requirements for reporting pension plans in financial statements. After studying this chapter, you should be able to: LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. 1.Distinguish between accounting for the employer’s pension plan and accounting for the pension fund Identify types of pension plans and their characteristics Explain alternative measures for valuing the pension obligation List the components of pension expense Use a worksheet for employer’s pension plan entries. Accounting for Pensions and Postretirement Benefits 20

20-4 An arrangement whereby an employer provides benefits (payments) to retired employees for services they provided in their working years. Pension Plan Administrator Pension Plan Administrator Contributions Employer Retired Employees Benefit Payments Assets & Liabilities Nature of Pension Plans LO 1

20-5 Pension plans can be:  Contributory: employees voluntarily make payments to increase their benefits.  Noncontributory: employer bears the entire cost.  Qualified pension plans: offer tax benefits. Pension fund should be a separate legal and accounting entity. Nature of Pension Plans LO 1

20-6 Nature of Pension Plans LO 1 Illustration 20-2 Pension Funds and Pension Expense The two most common types of pension plans are defined contribution plans and defined benefit plans.

Describe the amortization of prior service costs. 7.Explain the accounting for unexpected gains and losses. 8.Explain the corridor approach to amortizing gains and losses. 9.Describe the requirements for reporting pension plans in financial statements. After studying this chapter, you should be able to: LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. 1.Distinguish between accounting for the employer’s pension plan and accounting for the pension fund Identify types of pension plans and their characteristics Explain alternative measures for valuing the pension obligation List the components of pension expense Use a worksheet for employer’s pension plan entries. Accounting for Pensions and Postretirement Benefits 20

20-8 Defined-Contribution Plan Defined-Benefit Plan  Employer contribution determined by plan (fixed)  Risk borne by employees  Benefits based on plan value  Benefit determined by plan  Employer contribution varies (determined by Actuaries)  Risk borne by employer Actuaries make predictions (called actuarial assumptions) of mortality rates, employee turnover, interest and earnings rates, early retirement frequency, future salaries, and any other factors necessary to operate a pension plan Nature of Pension Plans LO 2

Describe the amortization of prior service costs. 7.Explain the accounting for unexpected gains and losses. 8.Explain the corridor approach to amortizing gains and losses. 9.Describe the requirements for reporting pension plans in financial statements. After studying this chapter, you should be able to: LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. 1.Distinguish between accounting for the employer’s pension plan and accounting for the pension fund Identify types of pension plans and their characteristics Explain alternative measures for valuing the pension obligation List the components of pension expense Use a worksheet for employer’s pension plan entries. Accounting for Pensions and Postretirement Benefits 20

20-10 Two questions: 1)What is the pension obligation that a company should report in the financial statements? 2)What is the pension expense for the period? Accounting for Pensions LO 3

20-11 Employer’s pension obligation is the deferred compensation obligation it has to its employees for their service under the terms of the pension plan. Alternative Measures of the Liability Accounting for Pensions Illustration 20-3 FASB’s choice LO 3

20-12 Recognition of the Net Funded Status of the Pension Plan  Companies must recognize on their balance sheet the full overfunded or underfunded status of their defined benefit pension plan. Accounting for Pensions LO 3  The overfunded or underfunded status is measured as the difference between the fair value of the plan assets and the projected benefit obligation.

Describe the amortization of prior service costs. 7.Explain the accounting for unexpected gains and losses. 8.Explain the corridor approach to amortizing gains and losses. 9.Describe the requirements for reporting pension plans in financial statements. After studying this chapter, you should be able to: LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. 1.Distinguish between accounting for the employer’s pension plan and accounting for the pension fund Identify types of pension plans and their characteristics Explain alternative measures for valuing the pension obligation List the components of pension expense Use a worksheet for employer’s pension plan entries. Accounting for Pensions and Postretirement Benefits 20

20-14 Accounting for Pensions Illustration 20-4 Components of Annual Pension Expense LO 4

20-15 Service Costs+1. Accounting for Pensions Components of Pension Expense Actuarial present value of benefits attributed by the pension benefit formula to employee service during the period Effect on Expense LO 4

20-16 Interest on the Liability+2. Accounting for Pensions Components of Pension Expense Interest for the period on the projected benefit obligation outstanding during the period The interest rate use is referred to as the settlement rate. Effect on Expense LO 4

20-17 Actual Return on Plan Assets+-3. Accounting for Pensions Components of Pension Expense Increase in pension funds from interest, dividends, and realized and unrealized changes in the fair value of the plan assets. Illustration 20-5 Effect on Expense LO 4

20-18 Accounting for Pensions Components of Pension Expense Plan amendments often include provisions to increase benefits for employee service provided in prior years. Company allocates the cost (prior service cost) of providing these retroactive benefits to pension expense in the future, specifically to the remaining service-years of the affected employees. Amortization of Prior Service Costs+4. Effect on Expense LO 4

20-19 Gain or Loss+-5. Accounting for Pensions Components of Pension Expense Effect on Expense Volatility in pension expense can result from sudden and large changes in the fair value of plan assets and by changes in projected benefit obligation. LO 4

Describe the amortization of prior service costs. 7.Explain the accounting for unexpected gains and losses. 8.Explain the corridor approach to amortizing gains and losses. 9.Describe the requirements for reporting pension plans in financial statements. After studying this chapter, you should be able to: LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. 1.Distinguish between accounting for the employer’s pension plan and accounting for the pension fund Identify types of pension plans and their characteristics Explain alternative measures for valuing the pension obligation List the components of pension expense Use a worksheet for employer’s pension plan entries. Accounting for Pensions and Postretirement Benefits 20

20-21 The “General Journal Entries” columns determine the journal entries to be recorded in the formal general ledger. The “Memo Record” columns maintain balances for the unrecognized pension items. Using a Pension Worksheet LO 5

20-22 Illustration: On January 1, 2014, Zarle Company provides the following information related to its pension plan for the year Plan assets, January 1, 2014, are $100,000. Projected benefit obligation, January 1, 2014, is $100,000. Annual service cost is $9,000. Settlement rate is 10 percent. Actual return on plan assets is $10,000. Funding contributions are $8,000. Benefits paid to retirees during the year are $7,000. Prepare the pension worksheet for Using a Pension Work Sheet LO 5

20-23 Using a Pension Work Sheet Prepare a pension worksheet for ($100,000 x 10%) ($1,000) net liability LO 5 Illustration 20-8

20-24 Pension Journal Entry LO 5 Illustration 20-8 Pension Expense 9,000 Cash 8,000 Pension Asset/Liability 1,000

Describe the amortization of prior service costs. 7.Explain the accounting for unexpected gains and losses. 8.Explain the corridor approach to amortizing gains and losses. 9.Describe the requirements for reporting pension plans in financial statements. After studying this chapter, you should be able to: LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. 1.Distinguish between accounting for the employer’s pension plan and accounting for the pension fund Identify types of pension plans and their characteristics Explain alternative measures for valuing the pension obligation List the components of pension expense Use a worksheet for employer’s pension plan entries. Accounting for Pensions and Postretirement Benefits 20

20-26 Amortization of Prior Service Cost Company should not recognize the retroactive benefits as pension expense in the year of amendment. Employer should recognize the pension expense over the remaining service lives of the employees who are expected to benefit from the change in the plan. Prior Service Cost Amortization Method:  Board prefers a years-of-service method.  Employers may use straight-line amortization over the average remaining service life of the employees. LO 6

20-27 E20-7: The following defined pension data of Rydell Corp. apply to the year Using a Pension Work Sheet Projected benefit obligation, 1/1/14 (before amendment) $560,000 Plan assets, 1/1/14 546,200 Pension liability 13,800 On January 1, 2014, Rydell Corp., through plan amendment, grants prior service benefits having a present value of 120,000 Settlement rate 9% Service cost 58,000 Contributions (funding) 65,000 Actual (expected) return on plan assets 52,280 Benefits paid to retirees 40,000 Prior service cost amortization for ,000 Instructions: For 2014, prepare a pension work sheet for Rydell Corp. that shows the journal entry for pension expense. LO 6

20-28 Using a Pension Work Sheet ($135,720) liability

20-29 Pension Expense 83,920 Other Comprehensive Income (PSC) 103,000 Pension Asset/Liability 121,920 Cash65,000 Using a Pension Work Sheet E20-7: Pension Journal Entry for Dec. 31 LO 6

Describe the amortization of prior service costs. 7.Explain the accounting for unexpected gains and losses. 8.Explain the corridor approach to amortizing gains and losses. 9.Describe the requirements for reporting pension plans in financial statements. After studying this chapter, you should be able to: LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. 1.Distinguish between accounting for the employer’s pension plan and accounting for the pension fund Identify types of pension plans and their characteristics Explain alternative measures for valuing the pension obligation List the components of pension expense Use a worksheet for employer’s pension plan entries. Accounting for Pensions and Postretirement Benefits 20

20-31 Gain or Loss Unexpected swings in pension expense can result from: 1.Sudden and large changes in the fair value of plan assets, and 2.Changes in actuarial assumptions that affect the amount of the projected benefit obligation. Gains and Losses LO 7

20-32 Question: What is the potential negative impact on net income of these unexpected swings? Volatility The profession decided to reduce the volatility with smoothing techniques. Gains and Losses LO 7

20-33 Smoothing Unexpected Gains and Losses on Plan Assets  Companies include the expected return on the plan assets as a component of pension expense, not the actual return in a given year.  Companies record asset gains and asset losses in an account, Other Comprehensive Income (G/L), combining them with gains and losses accumulated in prior years. Gains and Losses LO 7

20-34 LO 7

20-35 Smoothing Unexpected Gains and Losses on the Pension Liability  Companies report liability gains and liability losses in Other Comprehensive Income (G/L).  Companies combine the liability gains and losses in the same Other Comprehensive Income (G/L) account.  They accumulate the asset and liability gains and losses in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income and report on the balance sheet in the stockholders’ equity section. Gains and Losses LO 7

Describe the amortization of prior service costs. 7.Explain the accounting for unexpected gains and losses. 8.Explain the corridor approach to amortizing gains and losses. 9.Describe the requirements for reporting pension plans in financial statements. After studying this chapter, you should be able to: LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. 1.Distinguish between accounting for the employer’s pension plan and accounting for the pension fund Identify types of pension plans and their characteristics Explain alternative measures for valuing the pension obligation List the components of pension expense Use a worksheet for employer’s pension plan entries. Accounting for Pensions and Postretirement Benefits 20

20-37 Corridor Amortization  FASB invented the corridor approach for amortizing the accumulated net gain or loss balance when it gets too large. How large is too large?  10% of the larger of the beginning balances of the projected benefit obligation or the market-related value of the plan assets.  Any Accumulated OCI net gain or loss balance above the 10% must be amortized. Gains and Losses LO 8

20-38 Illustration: Data for Callaway Co.’s projected benefit obligation and plan assets over a period of six years. Gains and Losses LO 8 Illustration Computation of the Corridor

20-39 Gains and Losses LO 8 Illustration Graphic Illustration of the Corridor

20-40 BE20-7: Shin Corporation had a projected benefit obligation of $3,100,000 and plan assets of $3,300,000 at January 1, Shin also had a net actuarial loss of $465,000 in accumulated OCI at January 1, The average remaining service period of Shin’s employees is 7.5 years. Instructions: Compute Shin’s minimum amortization of the actuarial loss. Gains and Losses LO 8

20-41 BE20-7: Compute Shin’s amortization of the loss. Gains and Losses ÷ LO 8

20-42 Using a Pension Work Sheet P20-2: Jackson Company adopts acceptable accounting for its defined benefit pension plan on January 1, 2013, with the following beginning balances: plan assets $200,000; projected benefit obligation $250,000. Other data are as follows. LO 8

20-43 Using a Pension Work Sheet P20-2: Pension Work Sheet for 2013 ($57,000) * Expected Return on Plan Assets $200,000 x 10% = $20,000 * LO 8

20-44 Using a Pension Work Sheet P20-2 Pension Journal Entry for 2013 Pension Expense 21,000 OCI – Gain/Loss 2,000 Pension Asset/Liability 7,000 Cash 16,000 Dec. 31 LO 8

20-45 Using a Pension Work Sheet P20-2: Pension Work Sheet for 2014 ($217,700) liability * Actual return = Expected Return * LO 8

20-46 Pension Expense 95,100 Other Comprehensive Income (PSC) 105,600 Pension Asset/Liability 160,700 Cash40,000 Dec. 31 Using a Pension Work Sheet P20-2 Pension Journal Entry for 2014 LO 8

20-47 Using a Pension Work Sheet P20-2: Pension Work Sheet for 2015 ($203,400) liability * Plug * LO 8

20-48 Using a Pension Work Sheet P20-2 Pension Journal Entry for 2013 Pension Expense 89,370 Pension Asset/Liability14,300 Other Comprehensive Income (G/L) 14,070 Other Comprehensive Income (PSC)41,600 Cash48,000 Dec. 31 LO 8

20-49 LO 8

20-50 LO 8

Describe the amortization of prior service costs. 7.Explain the accounting for unexpected gains and losses. 8.Explain the corridor approach to amortizing gains and losses. 9.Describe the requirements for reporting pension plans in financial statements. After studying this chapter, you should be able to: LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. 1.Distinguish between accounting for the employer’s pension plan and accounting for the pension fund Identify types of pension plans and their characteristics Explain alternative measures for valuing the pension obligation List the components of pension expense Use a worksheet for employer’s pension plan entries. Accounting for Pensions and Postretirement Benefits 20

20-52 Within the Financial Statements  Recognition of the net funded status of the plan  Classification of pension asset or pension liability  Aggregation of pension plans  Actuarial gains and losses/prior service cost Reporting Pension Plans in Financial Statements LO 9

20-53 Within the Notes to the Financial Statements Reporting Pension Plans in Financial Statements LO 9 1.Major components of pension expense. 2.Reconciliation showing how the projected benefit obligation and the fair value of the plan assets changed. 3.A disclosure of the rates used in measuring the benefit amounts (discount rate, expected return on plan assets, rate of compensation).

A table indicating the allocation of pension plan assets by category (equity securities, debt securities, real estate, and other assets), and showing the percentage of the fair value to total plan assets. 5.The expected benefit payments to be paid to current plan participants for each of the next five fiscal years and in the aggregate for the five fiscal years thereafter. Also required is disclosure of a company’s best estimate of expected contributions to be paid to the plan during the next year. Within the Notes to the Financial Statements Reporting Pension Plans in Financial Statements LO 9

The nature and amount of changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in net income and in other comprehensive income of each period. 7.The accumulated amount of changes in plan assets and benefit obligations that have been recognized in other comprehensive income and that will be recycled into net income in future periods. Within the Notes to the Financial Statements Reporting Pension Plans in Financial Statements LO 9

The amount of estimated net actuarial gains and losses and prior service costs and credits that will be amortized from accumulated other comprehensive income into net income over the next fiscal year. Within the Notes to the Financial Statements Reporting Pension Plans in Financial Statements LO 9

20-57  The Pension Reform Act of 1974  Pension Terminations Special Issues Reporting Pension Plans in Financial Statements LO 9

20-58 LO 9

20-59 Accounting Guidance In December 1990, the FASB issued rules on “Employers’ Accounting for Postretirement Benefits Other Than Pensions.” These rules cover for healthcare and other “welfare benefits” provided to retirees, their spouses, dependents, and beneficiaries. Other welfare benefits include life insurance offered outside a pension plan; medical, dental, and eye care; legal and tax services; tuition assistance; day care; and housing assistance. APPENDIX APPENDIX 20A ACCOUNTING FOR POSTRETIRMENT BENEFITS LO 10 Identify the differences between pensions and postretirement healthcare benefits.

20-60 Differences Between Pension Benefits and Healthcare Benefits Illustration 20A-1 APPENDIX APPENDIX 20A ACCOUNTING FOR POSTRETIRMENT BENEFITS LO 10

20-61 Differences Between Pension Benefits and Healthcare Benefits Measuring the future payments for healthcare benefit plans is so much more difficult than for pension plans. 1.Many postretirement plans do not set a limit on healthcare benefits. 2.The levels of healthcare benefit use and healthcare costs are difficult to predict. Increased longevity, unexpected illnesses (e.g., AIDS, SARS, and avian flu), along with new medical technologies and cures, cause changes in healthcare utilization. APPENDIX APPENDIX 20A ACCOUNTING FOR POSTRETIRMENT BENEFITS LO 10

20-62 Postretirement Benefits Accounting Provisions Attribution Period - period of time over which the postretirement benefit cost accrue. Illustration 20A-2 APPENDIX APPENDIX 20A ACCOUNTING FOR POSTRETIRMENT BENEFITS LO 10

20-63 Postretirement Benefits Accounting Provisions Obligations Under Postretirement Benefits  Expected postretirement benefit obligation (EPBO) is the actuarial present value as of a particular date of all benefits a company expects to pay after retirement to employees and their dependents.  Accumulated postretirement benefit obligation (APBO) is the actuarial present value of future benefits attributed to employees’ services rendered to a particular date. APPENDIX APPENDIX 20A ACCOUNTING FOR POSTRETIRMENT BENEFITS LO 10

20-64 Postretirement Benefits Accounting Provisions Postretirement Expense 1.Service Cost 2.Interest Cost 3.Actual Return on Plan Assets 4.Amortization of Prior Service Costs 5.Gains and Losses APPENDIX APPENDIX 20A ACCOUNTING FOR POSTRETIRMENT BENEFITS LO 10

20-65 Illustrative Accounting Entries LO 11 Contrast accounting for pensions to accounting for other postretirement benefits Entries and Worksheet Illustration: The use of a worksheet in accounting for a postretirement benefits plan, assume that on January 1, 2014, Quest Company adopts a healthcare benefit plan. The following facts apply to the postretirement benefits plan for the year ► Plan assets at fair value on January 1, 2014, are zero. ► Actual and expected returns on plan assets are zero. ► Accumulated postretirement benefit obligation (APBO), January 1, 2014, is zero. ► Service cost is $54,000. ► No prior service cost exists. ► Interest cost on the APBO is zero. ► Funding contributions during the year are $38,000. ► Benefit payments to employees from plan are $28,000. APPENDIX APPENDIX 20A ACCOUNTING FOR POSTRETIRMENT BENEFITS

20-66 Illustrative Accounting Entries Illustration 20A-4 Journal Entry APPENDIX APPENDIX 20A ACCOUNTING FOR POSTRETIRMENT BENEFITS 2014 Entries and Worksheet

20-67 Recognition of Gains and Losses Illustrative Accounting Entries Gains and losses represent changes in the APBO or the value of plan assets. Gains and losses are recorded in other comprehensive income.  The Corridor Approach  Amortization Methods APPENDIX APPENDIX 20A ACCOUNTING FOR POSTRETIRMENT BENEFITS LO 11

20-68 Illustrative Accounting Entries Illustration: The following facts apply to the postretirement benefits plan for Quest Company for the year ► Actual return on plan assets is $600. ► Expected return on plan assets is $800. ► Discount rate is 8 percent. ► Increase in APBO due to change in actuarial assumptions is $60,000. ► Service cost is $26,000. ► Funding contributions during the year are $18,000. ► Benefit payments to employees during the year are $5,000. ► Average remaining service to expected retirement: 25 years. APPENDIX APPENDIX 20A ACCOUNTING FOR POSTRETIRMENT BENEFITS 2015 Entries and Worksheet LO 11

20-69 Illustrative Accounting Entries Journal Entry APPENDIX APPENDIX 20A ACCOUNTING FOR POSTRETIRMENT BENEFITS 2015 Entries and Worksheet Illustration 20A-6 LO 11

20-70 Amortization of Gains and Losses in 2016 Illustrative Accounting Entries Illustration 20A-8 APPENDIX APPENDIX 20A ACCOUNTING FOR POSTRETIRMENT BENEFITS 2016 CORRIDOR TEST 2016 LO 11

20-71 LO 12 Compare the accounting for pensions under GAAP and IFRS. RELEVANT FACTS - Similarities  IFRS and GAAP separate pension plans into defined contribution plans and defined benefit plans. The accounting for defined contribution plans is similar.  IFRS and GAAP recognize a pension asset or liability as the funded status of the plan (i.e., defined benefit obligation minus the fair value of plan assets). (Note that defined benefit obligation is referred to as the projected benefit obligation in GAAP.)  IFRS and GAAP compute unrecognized past service cost (PSC) (referred to as prior service cost in GAAP) in the same manner. However, IFRS recognizes past service cost as a component of pension expense in income immediately. GAAP amortizes PSC over the remaining service lives of employees.

20-72 RELEVANT FACTS - Differences  IFRS and GAAP include interest expense on the liability in pension expense. Regarding asset returns, IFRS reduces pension expense by the amount of interest revenue (based on the discount rate times the beginning value of pension assets). GAAP includes an asset return component based on the expected return on plan assets.  Under IFRS, companies recognize both liability and asset gains and losses (referred to as remeasurements) in other comprehensive income. These gains and losses are not “recycled” into income in subsequent periods. GAAP recognizes liability and asset gains and losses in “Accumulated other comprehensive income” and amortizes these amounts to income over remaining service lives, using the “corridor approach.” LO 12

20-73 RELEVANT FACTS - Differences  The accounting for pensions and other postretirement benefit plans is the same under IFRS. GAAP has separate standards for these types of benefits, and significant differences exist in the accounting. LO 12

20-74 ON THE HORIZON The IASB and the FASB have been working collaboratively on a postretirement benefit project. The recent amendments issued by the IASB moves IFRS closer to GAAP with respect to recognition of the funded status on the statement of financial position. However, as illustrated in the About the Numbers section above, significant differences remain in the components of pension expense. The FASB is expected to begin work on a project that will reexamine expense measurement of postretirement benefit plans. The FASB likely will consider the recent IASB amendments in this area, which could lead to a converged standard. LO 12

20-75 At the end of the current period, Oxford Ltd. has a defined benefit obligation of $195,000 and pension plan assets with a fair value of $110,000. The amount of the vested benefits for the plan is $105,000. What amount related to its pension plan will be reported on the company’s statement of financial position? a.$5,000. b.$90,000. c.$85,000. d.$20,000. IFRS SELF-TEST QUESTION LO 12

20-76 At the end of the current year, Kennedy Co. has a defined benefit obligation of $335,000 and pension plan assets with a fair value of $245,000. The amount of the vested benefits for the plan is $225,000. Kennedy has unrecognized past service costs of $24,000 and an unrecognized actuarial gain of $8,300. What account and amount(s) related to its pension plan will be reported on the company’s statement of financial position? a.Pension Liability and $74,300. b.Pension Liability and $90,000. c.Pension Asset and $233,300. d.Pension Asset and $110,000. IFRS SELF-TEST QUESTION LO 12

20-77 At January 1, 2014, Wembley Company had plan assets of $250,000 and a defined benefit obligation of the same amount. During 2014, service cost was $27,500, the discount rate was 10%, actual and expected return on plan assets were $25,000, contributions were $20,000, and benefits paid were $17,500. Based on this information, what would be the defined benefit obligation for Wembley Company at December 31, 2014? a.$277,500. c. $27,500. b.$285,000. d. $302,500. IFRS SELF-TEST QUESTION LO 12

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