Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chapter 37-1 & 37-2 The Circulatory System

Human Circulatory System Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Heart The Blood Vessels Blood

Human Circulatory System Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings lungs head & arms liver digestive system kidneys legs pulmonary artery aorta pulmonary vein main vein LeftRight Circulatory System

Parts of the Heart Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Atria -Receiving Chambers The Ventricles -Pumping Chambers The Valves -Controls Flow The Septum -Divides the Heart

Human Heart Structure Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Human Heart Structure Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Right Ventricle Right Atrium Left Atrium Inferior Vena Cava Vein that brings oxygen-poor blood from the lower part of the body to the right atrium Tricuspid Valve Prevents blood from flowing back into the right atrium after it has entered the right ventricle Pulmonary Valve Prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle after it has entered the pulmonary artery Pulmonary Veins Bring oxygen-rich blood from each of the lungs to the left atrium Superior Vena Cava Large vein that brings oxygen-poor blood from the upper part of the body to the right atrium Aorta Brings oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body Pulmonary Arteries Bring oxygen-poor blood to the lungs Aortic Valve Prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle after it has entered the aorta Mitral Valve Prevents blood from flowing back into the left atrium after it has entered the left ventricle Left Ventricle Septum

Heart: The Vital Pump Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings At REST, the heart pumps about 5 QUARTS of blood a minute. During EXTREME EXERTION (exercise) it can pump 40 quarts a minute.

Blood Flow Through the Heart Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Control of Heart: Nervous System Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Medulla oblongata regulates rate Sensory cells stretch when too fast Pressure drops when beat is too low

Two Pathways of Blood Flow Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pulmonary Circulation –Carries blood to lungs and back Systemic Circulation –Carries blood to body and back

Capillaries of head and arms Capillaries of abdominal organs and legs Inferior vena cava Pulmonary vein Capillaries of right lung Superior vena cava Aorta Pulmonary artery Capillaries of left lung

Types of Blood Vessels Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Arteries -Carry blood away from the Heart -The Aorta is the largest artery Veins -Carry blood toward the Heart -Veins contain valves -The Vena Cava is the largest vein Capillaries -Known as the “Distribution Pipes”

Double Pump System Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Coronary Vessel Structure Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Serous membrane Continuous with blood vessels

Arteries: Blood Away From Heart Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings –Large –Thick-walled, Muscular –Elastic –Oxygenated blood Exception Pulmonary Artery –Carried under great pressure –Steady pulsating Arterioles: smaller vessels, enter tissue

Capillaries: Exchange Takes Place Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings –Smallest vessel –Microscopic –Walls one cell thick –Nutrients and gases diffuse here

Veins: Blood Toward the Heart Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings –Carries blood that contains waste and CO 2 Exception pulmonary vein –Blood not under much pressure –Valves to prevent much gravity pull Venules: larger than capillaries

Artery vs. Vein Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Composition of Blood Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Plasma (Fluid) makes up 55% of the blood volume. The Solids (Cells) make up 45% of the blood volume.

Blood Plasma Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 97% Water Other 3% -Antibodies and Proteins - Nutrients and Wastes

Blood Solids Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Red Blood Cells -Carry oxygen -Contain Hemoglobin White Blood Cells -Attack bacteria & other invaders Platelets -Control the blood clotting process

Blood Plasma Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body contains 4-6 L Consists of –Water –Red Blood Cells –Plasma –White blood cells and platelets

Blood Plasma Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings A straw- coloured liquid that carries the cells and the platelets which help blood clot. carbon dioxide glucose amino acids proteins minerals vitamins hormones waste materials like urea. It also contains useful things like;

Whole Blood Sample Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets Plasma Sample Placed in CentrifugeBlood Sample That Has Been Centrifuged

Whole Blood Sample Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets Plasma Sample Placed in CentrifugeBlood Sample That Has Been Centrifuged

Whole Blood Sample Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets Plasma Sample Placed in CentrifugeBlood Sample That Has Been Centrifuged

Your Blood: Fluid Transport Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Liquid Portion Carries Blood cells –Erythrocytes (RBC - red blood cells) –Leucocytes (WBC - white blood cells) Platelets (non cellular particles) Proteins –Enzymes –Hormones – Endocrine System Nutrients - Digestive System Gases - Respiratory System Inorganic salts a Tissue 50% water 4% dissolved substances

Oxygen in the Blood Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hemoglobin, iron containing molecule Loosely picks up oxygen in the lungs Loses oxygen in areas low in oxygen (diffuses)

Carbon Dioxide in the Blood Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hemoglobin carries CO 2 also CO 2 is a waste product of cellular work 70% of CO 2 combines with water The rest travels to the lungs

The Composition of Blood Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 50% Water 45% Erythrocytes 4% Plasma with Substances 1% Leukocytes + Platelets

Erythrocytes: Red Blood Cells Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings contain hemoglobin, a molecule specially designed to hold oxygen and carry it to cells that need it. can change shape to an amazing extent, without breaking, as it squeezes single file through the capillaries. a biconcave disc that is round and flat without a nucleus

Erythrocytes: Red Blood Cells Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Transporters of –Oxygen –Carbon Dioxide RBC –Lack a nucleus –Contain hemoglobin –Disk-shaped RBC are produced in red bone marrow of –ribs, –humerus, –femur, –sternum, and other long bones Lives for 120 days Old RBC are destroyed in liver and spleen

Leukocytes: White Blood Cells Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings there are many different types and all contain a big nucleus. the two main ones are the lymphocytes and the macrophages. some lymphocytes fight disease by making antibodies to destroy invaders by dissolving them. other lymphocytes make antitoxins to break down poisons. macrophages ‘eat’ and digest micro- organisms.

Leukocytes: White Blood Cells Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings WBC fight infection –Attack foreign substances Less abundant Large cells Some live for months –Most just a few days Several types ALL contain nuclei

Platelets Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Platelets are bits of cell broken off larger cells. Platelets produce tiny fibrinogen fibres to form a net. This net traps other blood cells to form a blood clot.

Platelets Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings PLATELETS are for CLOTTING blood Cell fragments Produced in bone marrow Short life span (1 week) Fibrin (sticky network of protein fibers) –Form a web trapping blood cells

Blood Clotting Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Break in Capillary Wall Blood vessels injured. Clumping of Platelets Platelets clump at the site and release thromboplastin. Thromboplastin converts prothrombin into thrombin.. Clot Forms Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin, which causes a clot. The clot prevents further loss of blood..

Blood Pressure Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood against the blood vessel’s walls –The systolic pressure refers to the pressure recorded while the ventricles pump the blood. –The diastolic pressure refers to the pressure recorded as the ventricles fill with blood. A normal blood pressure is 120/80

Blood Types Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Blood Types Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Mixing Blood Types Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Plasma contains proteins that correspond to the shape of the different antigens If you mix one type with the wrong one, you get CLUMPING Type O is the universal donor Type AB is the universal acceptor

Mixing Blood Types Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood Type of Donor A B AB O Blood Type of Recipient A B AB O Unsuccessful transfusion Successful transfusion

Circulatory System Summary Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Arteries take blood ______ from the heart. The walls of an artery are made up of thick _________ walls and elastic fibres. Veins carry blood ________ the heart and also have valves. The _________ link arteries and veins, and have a one cell thick wall. Blood is made up of four main things ______, the liquid part of the blood; Red Blood Cells to carry ______; White Blood cells to protect the body from disease and _________ to help blood clot. away platelets towards capillaries plasma oxygen muscular

Blood Flow Through the Heart Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings